The story of deregulation in the dairy industry

The deregulation of dairy marketing that occurred on 1 July 2000 is a fascinating case study in microeconomic reform. The role of interacting industry and institutional features in the movement to deregulation is explained, with political realities being recognised. A key part of the deregulation bundle was an unprecedented "structural adjustment" package valued at about one and a half billion dollars (in 1998–1999). Questions are raised about the rationale for this package, the process of determining it and the means of funding it.     

高新技术在我国水产加工业的运用

我国水产加工业不仅要借鉴发达国家现代水产加工业的高新技术,还要借鉴食品工程乃至其他高新技术.本文列举若干现代高科技在水产加工业方面的应用成果,目的在于强化科技信息意识,提高技术跨越的自觉性和紧迫性.     

基于PCA的我国海洋产业结构效率评价

以我国海洋经济统计数据为依据,运用主成分分析法,对全国各主要沿海地区的结构效率进行评价,结果表明,各沿海地区海洋产业发展不均衡,产业结果效率与该地区的经济发展水平和配套设施等存在正相关。结合当前向低碳海洋经济转变的政策和趋势,以及目前海洋产业结构的欠缺,我国应推动海洋产业结构优化升级,各沿海地区应"因地制宜"发展新兴海洋产业以及建立保障海洋产业结构升级的配套措施。     

海南水产品加工产业的现状和发展方向

随着海南省海洋与渔业产业的快速发展,水产加工业已经成为海南省农村经济发展的重要产业。为进一步了解海南水产加工产业的现状,探讨水产加工产业发展的市场前景,笔者就加快发展海南水产品加工产业问题提出一些看法以供参考。     

Assessment and improvement of the efficiency of nitrogen use on commercial dairy farms

Nine dairy farmers participated in a project which ran over a four year period from 1997 to 2001, with the aim of improving nitrogen use efficiency (NE) and reducing nitrogen surpluses. Results from systems research and the disadvantages of large nitrogen losses and low NE to the economics of the farm business and the environment were outlined and possible mitigation strategies were discussed with the farmers during visits by a dairy consultant. Initial nitrogen use efficiency (nitrogen output/nitrogen input) ranged from 10% to 23% and nitrogen surplus from 259 to 785 kg N ha¹. During the project nitrogen efficiency improved by an average of 5.4% and nitrogen surpluses reduced by an average of 186 kg N ha¹. The largest changes in nitrogen output per hectare were due to changes in stocking rate rather than changes in milk yield per cow or milk protein content. Nitrogen input was dominated by nitrogen fertilizer input, which for farms applying more than 150 kg N ha¹accounted for between 41% and 85% of total nitrogen input. Reduction in mineral nitrogen fertilizer use was the main way that farmers improved nitrogen efficiency and reduced nitrogen surpluses.     

Economic implications of alternative mill mud management options in the Australian sugar industry

Sugar mills produce a range of byproducts during the process of extracting sugar from cane. Mill mud is one of the byproducts produced in significant volume. The practice of spreading mill mud onto cane fields close by the mill has been the primary means of disposing of mill mud for many years. The continued application of mill mud at high rates, without appropriate recognition of its nutrient content, the soil condition, crop nutrient requirements, slope of the land, or proximity of application sites to environmentally sensitive areas has raised a number of concerns in recent years, including overfertilization, heavy‐metal contamination, leaching, and offsite impacts from drainage to waterways. This study develops a regional mathematical programming model to determine optimal rates of mill mud application for various soil types and distances from the mill in the Mackay region in central Queensland, Australia. The optimal application rate of mill mud varies according to soil type and by distance from the mill. Lower rates of mill mud application are economically desirable at greater distances from the mill. However, when the cost of mill mud application is shared between growers and the mill operator, the optimal application rates are reduced at some locations while increasing at others.     

进入壁垒与我国罗非鱼加工业发展

目前我国罗非鱼产业已陷入过度竞争状态,激烈的价格竞争不仅使企业利润微薄,也影响整个罗非鱼产业的发展。产业进入壁垒过低是造成过度竞争的重要原因。本文通过分析我国罗非鱼产业进入壁垒及其影响,提出了我国罗非鱼加工业发展的建议:通过适当政策提高进人壁垒,以增加企业的集中度,提高专业化;同时积极营销,实施差异化战略,建立自主品牌。     

福建省水产加工产业人才现状与对策研究

人才是推动水产加工产业发展的核心。目前福建省还存在水产加工产业相关的科技人才数量少、结构层次低和年龄老化等问题。论文针对福建省水产加工产业发展的现状,分析了产业发展及人才培养培训中存在的问题,提出了产业人才培养培训的对策和建议:加强企业与员工交流互信,加强校企合作,加强政府监督和协调机制等。     

基于DEA方法的海洋产业科技支持效率评价

论文以海洋产业发展中的科技支持为主要研究对象,利用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,对我国沿海11大主要海洋省市海洋产业科技支持效率进行了评估和测算.研究结果表明,我国各地区海洋产业发展迅速,但海洋科技投入产出效率有所不同,海洋产业科技贡献率差异较大.其中天津、辽宁、广西等地海洋产业发展中科技投入不足,而上海、山东等地科技投入过剩.江苏、河北等地海洋产业科技投入产出存在不均衡现象.据此,建议合理配置海洋产业科技资源,提高海洋产业科技利用率.     

广东省水产品加工业发展的政策选择

经过几十年的发展,广东省虽已建成了以冷冻水产品为主,鱼糜制品、调味休闲食品、干制品、腌熏制品、罐头制品、调味品、功能保健品、鱼粉与饲料加工、海藻化工、海藻食品以及海洋药物等多个门类为辅的较为完善的水产加工体系。但是,与发达国家相比仍有明显差距,加工水平低、企业规模小、加工设备简陋、综合利用率低、标准体系不完善的问题仍十分突出。广东省正在实施海洋强省战略,大力推进水产品精深加工,对促进广东省由海洋经济大省向海洋经济强省转变具有十分重要的意义,为此,文章从扩大企业规模、推进技术创新、发展精深加工、实施品牌战略、健全质量安全标准体系等方面提出了发展广东省水产品深加工的政策建议。     

厄瓜多尔金枪鱼生产、加工及其出口概述

厄瓜多尔地处赤道,西滨太平洋,金枪鱼渔业资源丰富,是世界上重要的金枪鱼渔业国家.本文扼要地介绍了厄瓜多尔金枪鱼捕捞、加工、出口的现状和发展趋势.目前,该国船队每年的金枪鱼渔获量保持在15万吨～16万吨之间,主要的渔获物为鲣鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼和少量肥壮金枪鱼.该国加工业的生产能力为渔获量的两倍,不足部分主要从东太平洋作业的船队进口,偶尔向西太平洋作业的船队进口.主要的出口国为美国,进入美国的金枪鱼产品型态不同,征收的关税不同.     

Technical efficiency relative to a stochastic cost frontier for the England and Wales dairy sector

It has been acknowledged in the literature that productive efficiency in grain production in China has substantially improved in the post-reform period, particularly in the early 1980s. Since then, there have been several policy changes in China, which have affected the growth of the sector. Specifically, the spectacular growth of rural industries has attracted significant physical and human capital from agriculture. It is in this context that Brown's warning of China soon becoming the world's number one importer of grain has raised an important question of whether China has reached its grain production potential. Analysis of the 1994 farm household survey data indicates that the majority of the sample farmers is reasonably technically efficient in grain production but that productivity can be increased further even with the existing technology.     

Evaluating improvements in irrigation efficiency as a salinity mitigation option in the South Australian Riverland

A modelling framework incorporating relationships between agricultural production and groundwater hydrology was developed to estimate the benefits of improved irrigation efficiency in the Riverland of South Australia. Increased irrigation efficiency can generate external benefits to downstream users through reduced discharge of saline groundwater. In the Riverland these benefits are large in comparison to the direct value of the irrigation water. However, the non-exclusive and site-specific nature of these benefits makes it difficult to fully internalise them through market instruments such as salinity credits. Achieving optimal irrigation efficiency is likely to require institutional arrangements that promote collective investment and public expenditure.     

Probability distributions for economic surplus changes: the case of technical change in the Australian wool industry

Mullen, Alston and Wohlgenant (1989) (MAW) examined the distribution of the benefits of technical change in the Australian wool industry. Their conclusions are revisited by examining the probability distributions of changes in the welfare measures, given uncertainty about their model parameters. Subjective probability distributions are specified for the parameters and correlations among some of the parameters are imposed. Hierarchical distributions are also used to model diverse views about the specification of the subjective distributions. A sensitivity elasticity is defined through the estimation of a response surface to measure the sensitivity of the estimated research benefits to individual parameters. MAW's conclusions are found to be robust under the stochastic approach to sensitivity analysis demonstrated in this article.     

我国水产品加工业的演变轨迹及发展预测

水产品加工业是渔业三大支柱之一,在优化渔业结构、实现产业增值增效方面发挥着重要作用。论文基于时间序列数据,从全国和区域两个层面,对我国水产品加工业的规模、加工成品结构、加工企业经营状况、加工出口贸易的历史演变规律做深入剖析;借助于SPSS软件,对未来水产加工业的供需潜力进行预测,以期为我国水产品加工业制定合理规划,实现可持续发展提供参考。     

2007年度四川省粮油加工业统计分析

一、2007年四川粮油加工业基本情况2007年,四川省人统粮油加工企业635个,比上年增加26个,其中：日处理原料能力100t以下企业499个,占78．6％;100t-200t企业100个,占15．7％;200t～400t企业29个,占4．5％;400t～1000t企业6个,占1．0％;1000t以上企业1个,占0．2％。在全部入统企业中,国有及国有控股企业78个．占12．3％;外商及港澳台商投资企业3个,占0．5％;民营企业533个,占87．2％。企业年生产能力为1181．0万t,其中：大米加工业649．4万t,占55．0％;小麦粉加工业273．3万t,占23．1％;食用植物油加工业258．3万t,占21．9％。食用调和油和芝麻油产量少。