铁路机车单耗测算模型研究

在对国内外铁路机车能耗模型进行分析的基础上,以我国传统铁路客贷共线运行列车为研究对象,从机车能耗产生的微观角度出发,运用列车运行计算的相关原理,设定了列车运行环境,建立铁路机车单耗测算模型。模型中引入"牵引运行能耗换算系数",通过微观数值计算方法测算机车单耗的宏观量,计算机车担当客、货运时的单位能耗值。根据机车数量比例和完成的运输工作量,通过加权平均法测算机车综合单耗。经过测算,内燃机车综合单位耗油量与电力机车综合单位耗电量的模型测算值与实际统计值较为吻合。     

提速调图对机车运用指标的影响分析

2004年新的列车运行图和货物列车编组计划实施后,怀柔北机务段的列车担当任务发生了较大变化,并对机务段的机车运用和燃油单耗等主要运输生产指标的完成产生一定影响。通过对机务段主要指标情况的对比分析,说明生产布局调整对经营效果的影响,并提出有关建议措施。     

基于GREET模型的氢燃料电池机车全生命周期碳排放与能耗分析

全球性的能源问题和环境问题正日益严重,在实现“双碳”目标的背景下,铁路运输部门需要选择低碳、绿色的燃料。相比较传统柴油动力内燃机车和电力机车,氢燃料电池机车在碳排放与能耗方面的优势值得探究。GREET模型是由美国阿贡国家实验室开发的计算机模拟软件,被广泛地应用于对车辆的能源与环境影响研究中。基于GREET模型,利用WTW (Well-to-Wheels)评价体系对氢燃料电池机车全生命周期的碳排放与能耗效应进行测算。通过与其他车型的对比研究发现：氢燃料电池机车的全生命周期能耗相比内燃机车降低了19.67%,与电力机车相近;氢燃料电池机车的全生命周期碳排放显著低于电力机车和内燃机车。本研究填补了行业中对我国氢燃料电池机车能耗与环境影响方面的研究空白。     

动态消息

我国首台单机八轴内燃机车飞驰中亚2012年4月23日,中国南车集团资阳机车有限公司自主研发的我国首台功率为1 500 kW的单机八轴宽轨调车内燃机车,在乌兹别克斯坦投入使用。这标志着我国成为继美国和俄罗斯之后,第三个具备研制和提供单机八轴内燃机车的国家。     

师徒制在铁路机车专业教学中的应用初探

铁路机车专业的教学宗旨是:为国家有关单位储备和输送足够的且专业水平较高的机车检修技师与机车司机.铁路机车专业又被细分为:内燃机车专业、电力机车专业以及城市轨道交通车辆专业.因为机车司机这一职业具有较强的特殊性,在多拉快跑的同时,还要保证运输的安全性、规避安全事故的出现,并且一般均需在较长时间内单独驾驶列车,如果列车在中...     

动态消息

2004年3月23日,铁路机车的汽笛声首次响彻在世界屋脊。在海拔4704m的青藏安多铺架基地上,中铁十一局集团1083号DF_4内燃机车隆隆的巨轮向雪域高原缓缓驶来。这标志着西藏有了第一台铁路机车。为了早日建成青藏铁路,西藏历史上第一台铁路机车从青藏铁     

关于延长东风4B型内燃机车中修走行公里的探讨

随着铁路资产经营责任制的实施，在保证运输生产安全的前提下，提高机车质量，降低检修成本，挖掘发挥机车潜能、提高经济效益的修制改革势在必行。铁道部在改革机车大修方式上，已有变整车入厂的唯一方式为机车整车入厂、大部件入厂以及采用按机车各系统部件阶段修理、适当延长大修走行公里等多种方式的设想。那么，对于东风4B型内燃机车来说是否可进一步延长中修走行公里呢?我认为是非常值得分析探讨的。     

怎样维护更节油

随着燃油价格的攀升，车辆油耗成为购车、用车者所关注的热点。车辆的技术状况不仅关系到行车安全，也是影响燃油消耗的重要因素，及时正确地维护车辆，保持车辆良好的技术状况是提高节油效果的有效途径。     

提速内燃机车整体车轮踏面剥离原因分析及防止措施

针对多曲线区段出现的DF4D型内燃机车整体车轮踏面剥离故障问题,根据车轮踏面剥离的物理性状分类,分析造成车轮踏面剥离的各种原因。提出合理选择轮轨钢材硬度,改善闸瓦质量,及时消除剥离防止损伤扩展,改善机车减震性能和按标准操纵机车等减少踏面剥离措施,以确保列车运行安全。     

确保万吨重载列车运行安全的探讨

分析了呼和浩特铁路局开行万吨重载列车的基础条件,针对内燃机车推挽式牵引、长大坡道地段、客货混跑线存在的问题,从加强技术装备、职工业务培训、机车乘务员作业、非正常行车措施、运行故障应急处理5个方面,对确保万吨重载列车运行安全作探讨。     

Fuel consumption for various driving styles in conventional and hybrid electric vehicles: Integrating driving cycle predictions with fuel consumption optimization*

Improving fuel economy and lowering emissions are key societal goals. Standard driving cycles, pre-designed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have long been used to estimate vehicle fuel economy in laboratory-controlled conditions. They have also been used to test and tune different energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper aims to estimate fuel consumption for a conventional vehicle and a HEV using personalized driving cycles extracted from real-world data to study the effects of different driving styles and vehicle types on fuel consumption when compared to the estimates based on standard driving cycles. To do this, we extracted driving cycles for conventional vehicles and HEVs from a large-scale U.S. survey that contains real-world GPS-based driving records. Next, the driving cycles were assigned to one of three categories: volatile, normal, or calm. Then, the driving cycles were used along with a driver-vehicle simulation that captures driver decisions (vehicle speed during a trip), powertrain, and vehicle dynamics to estimate fuel consumption for conventional vehicles and HEVs with power-split powertrain. To further optimize fuel consumption for HEVs, the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is applied. The results show that depending on the driving style and the driving scenario, conventional vehicle fuel consumption can vary widely compared with standard EPA driving cycles. Specifically, conventional vehicle fuel consumption was 13% lower in calm urban driving, but almost 34% higher for volatile highway driving compared with standard EPA driving cycles. Interestingly, when a driving cycle is predicted based on the application of case-based reasoning and used to tune the power distribution in a hybrid electric vehicle, its fuel consumption can be reduced by up to 12% in urban driving. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.     

对铁路机车高价互换配件管理及核算的思考

高价互换配件是铁路机车的重要组成部件,也是铁路固定资产的重要组成部分,做好高价互换配件的管理,生产经营才有保障,机车质量才能稳定。随着铁路企业全面深化改革的推进,依据铁路机车检修生产实际,对目前铁路机车高价互换配件管理中存在的棘手难题进行剖析,寻找问题根源,探索解决方法,为今后机车高价互换配件的管理提供方向和建议。     

铁路机务大数据应用系统设计研究

推动大数据技术在铁路机务专业的综合开发和应用,加快智能铁路建设,可大幅提高机务运输生产效率和机车运用质量。基于铁路机务专业运输生产及信息化发展情况,阐述铁路机务大数据的特征及应用现状,在此基础上,提出铁路机务大数据应用系统的设计目标及定位,设计"N+1+3"总体架构及技术架构,从设备、人员和综合管理3个方面研究适用于该系统的机车运用组织、机车整备检修、司乘组织管理等7个典型应用场景,并对部分关键技术设计相应的大数据分析模型,为铁路机务专业运输生产的安全、智能和创新发展提供理论参考。     

Critical aggressive acceleration values and models for fuel consumption when starting and driving a passenger car running on LPG

The models based on vehicle speed have been used to estimate fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions. However, these models could not properly estimate the change in fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions as the speed changes. As for the alternative method, people try to consider using acceleration instead of speed. Although acceleration has been seriously considered, determining critical aggressive acceleration value in relation to fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions is difficult to find. In this study, evaluation models of fuel consumption were developed using instantaneous acceleration, and we defined the critical aggressive acceleration values for different states of the vehicle from the viewpoints of fuel consumption and emissions. We used a mid-sized Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) passenger car and obtained instantaneous data from a digital tachograph installed in the car while it accelerates. We developed two fuel consumption models and found critical aggressive accelerations, respectively: a model of starting vehicle that measures range of speed required to overcome the inertia during acceleration from stop state, and the other model for the driving state. We used Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis to find the critical aggressive accelerations at which the increments of fuel consumption change abruptly. As a result, the critical aggressive accelerations causing abrupt change in the increments of fuel consumption were found to be 2.598 m/s² for the starting of vehicles and 1.4705 m/s² when driving them. We also found that the increments of fuel consumption can be explained through quadratic and exponential functions with instantaneous acceleration.     

Quantifying grade effects on vehicle fuel consumption for use in sustainable highway design

The paper develops an analytical formulation that quantifies the effect of vertical grade on vehicle fuel consumption and then illustrates the use of the developed procedure in the identification of the fuel efficient freeway layouts. Specifically, the Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-based Fuel consumption Model (VT-CPFM) was used to develop the formulation and then applied using 2015's 10 most-sold vehicles in the U.S. and Europe to quantify the vertical grade effect on vehicle fuel consumption rates. An increase in fuel consumption of approximately 140% was found when the roadway grade increased from 0.5% to 6%. The proposed selection procedure uses Geographical Information System (GIS) applications in the design phase to evaluate possible freeway layouts. A multi-criteria analysis is performed to rank the feasible alternatives. The yearly fuel consumed by cars traveling on each feasible layout is then predicted and the alternatives are sorted in ascendingly. If the alternative selected by the multi-criteria analysis gives the least yearly fuel consumption, then that alternative should be constructed. If not, then the alternative that results in the least yearly fuel consumption should be re-evaluated with respect to the one selected by the multi-criteria analysis tool. The proposed procedure is validated using a real case study involving the construction of a new freeway in Cameroon. As much as a 12% difference in fuel consumption was found between the alternative with the least estimated yearly fuel consumption and that selected based on a multiple-criteria decision analysis.     

建立计算机管理系统 提高机车检修质量

山海关机务段针对传统质量管理手段和机车检修方法存在管理方法落后、检测手段落后和考核机制滞后等弊端,建立机车检修质量计算机管理系统。该系统具有收集处理检修质量信息,提供质量分析、定责、考核依据,强化配件检修质量及检修质量控制等功能,促进了机车质量稳步提高,为旅客列车安全正点运行提供了有力保障,为运输畅通和增运增收发挥了重要作用。     

Impacts of COVID-19 on aircraft usage and fuel consumption: A case study on four Chinese international airports

COVID-19 pandemic starting in early 2020 has greatly impacted human and industrial activities. Air transport in China shrank abruptly in February 2020, following a year-long gradual recovery. The airline companies reacted to this unprecedented event by dramatically reducing the flight volume and rearranging the aircraft types. As the first major economy that successfully controls the spread of COVID-19, China can provide a unique opportunity to quantify the medium-long impacts on the air transport industry. To quantify the corresponding changes and to elucidate the effects of COVID-19 in the wake of two major outbreaks centered in Wuhan and Beijing, we analyze twelve flight routes formed by four selected airports, using the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data in 2019 and 2020. Our results show that the total flight volume in 2020 reduced to 67.8% of 2019 in China. The recovering time of flight volume was about 2–6 months, dependent on the severity. In order to unwind the severe challenge, airlines mainly relied on aircraft B738 and A321 between February and June in 2020 because the fuel consumption per seat of these two aircraft types is the lowest. Besides, fuel consumption and aircraft emissions are calculated according to the Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization's Engine Emissions Databank (ICAO's EEDB). At the end of 2020, the ratios of daily fuel consumption and aircraft emissions of 2020 to 2019 rebounded to about 0.875, suggesting the domestic commercial flights were nearly fully recovered. Our results may provide practical guidance and meaningful expectation for commercial aircraft management for other countries.     

铁路运输安全有序可控管理

羊城铁路总公司根据ISO 9000族标准,实施运输安全有序可控管理,运用系统论、控制论、目标管理、人本原理等现代管理科学理论,建立健全各项安全管理和作业控制标准,强化车机联控、安全控制点和结合部等安全管理工作,同时加大经济考核力度,构建了铁路运输安全管理新模式,并使其具有良好的推广应用价值。     

A fuel surcharge policy for reducing road traffic greenhouse gas emissions

This paper proposes a car pricing policy based on fuel surcharges in substitution of car ownership taxes for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by cars. The aim of the proposed policy is to change some (fixed) costs of car use that are not perceived at each trip into (variable) costs. The amount of fuel surcharges and the effects of their application on fuel consumption and on GHG emissions are estimated by a model that is able to relate gasoline and diesel consumption with fuel prices. The effects of the proposed policy on fuel consumption and on GHG emissions are estimated for Italy. The results show that car users prefer to shift towards more efficient fuel vehicles than to public transport, producing a significant, but less than expected, reduction of GHG emissions.