COMPARATIVE INVESTMENT BEHAVIOR OF UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN FARMERS

This study deals with investment decisions of representative Canadian and United States wheat farmers. The results suggest wide variation among farmers in investment behavior but generally larger farmers in both samples and particularly those in the United States, show n close conformity to a wealth maxizing norm.     

Heterogeneous nonmarket benefits of managing white pine bluster rust in high-elevation pine forests

This article describes a nonmarket valuation study about benefits of managing the invasive disease white pine blister rust in high-elevation forests in the Western United States. Results demonstrate that, on average, households in the Western United States are willing to pay $154 to improve the resiliency of these forests. Factor analysis shows that long-run protection of the forests dominates recreation in motivating support. Cluster analysis suggests three groups of survey respondents: those indifferent to the program and not willing to pay, those wanting to protect the future of the high-elevation forests, and those wanting to protect both the forests and related recreational opportunities.     

中美贸易战的危害与对策

分析中美国情现状,对中美经济状况进行对比,对美国发动贸易战的原因进行分析:美国对华贸易逆差过大;美方认为中方侵犯美国企业知识产权,中国的重商主义对美国经济产生了致命影响;转嫁国内矛盾,战略遏制中国。分析美国发动贸易战的危害,提出了中国应对挑战应妥善应对短期冲击,对等还击;拉动内需,加快自身经济结构调整等对策。     

The Interstate River Compact as a Water Allocation Mechanism: Efficiency Aspects

Interstate river compacts are widely used to allocate water among riparian states. Twenty-one compacts are currently in force in the western United States, and these compacts are mostly of two types: those that allocate a fixed amount or flow of water to individual states; and those that allocate percentages of available water to the riparian states. This study compares the performance of the two resulting allocations with that resulting from basin-wide optimization without compact constraints. While widely varying hydrologic and economic characteristics of river basins create a large set of possible outcomes, a range of stylized case studies indicates that percentage compacts are likely to generate greater net benefits and to result in more equitable risk-sharing than fixed compacts under many circumstances. In light of recent compact negotiations in the southeastern United States, it is recommended that efficiency analyses under present and future conditions be made a part of all compact negotiations.     

The Impact of Groundfish Imports on the United States Fishing Industry: An Empirical Analysis

This paper presents an economic analysis of the issue of United States-Canadian groundfish trade. Using an econometric model the parameters of consumer demand for United States domestic and imported groundfish products are estimated. The model is then used to evaluate the potential impact of countervailing duties leveled against imported fish products. It is found that while such duties would likely increase consumer prices for fish in the United States the fisherman's prices would not increase proportionately. The net protective effect to the United States harvesting sector of such tariffs thus seems minimal.     

Alternative U.S. and EU Sugar Trade Liberalization Policies and Their Implications

This study analyzes the impacts of alternative trade liberalization policies in the United States and the European Union (EU) on the U.S. sugar industry. A global sugar policy simulation model was used for this analysis. The study results indicate that the U.S. sugar industry may be able to survive if both the United States and the EU liberalize their sugar trade. However, if only the United States eliminates its sugar programs, all U.S. sugar-producing regions would be threatened.     

Productivity and international competitiveness of agriculture in the European Union and the United States

This study looks at international competitiveness of agriculture in the European Union and the United States. The most intuitive concept is that of price competitiveness. We calculate relative prices for 11 member states of the European Union and the United States for the period 1973–2002. We assume that markets are perfectly competitive and in long‐run equilibrium, so that the observed price always equals average total cost, as measured by the cost dual to the production function. This assumption is used in our calculation of relative competitiveness and productivity gaps between the European Union and the United States and in our decomposition of relative price movements between changes in relative input prices and changes in relative productivity levels.     

Perceptions of “Organic” Food: A View Through Brand Theory

Globally, the organic food industry has experienced impressive growth rates, especially in the United States and Europe, yet still accounts for a relatively small portion of total food sales. In the United States, it constitutes less than 5% percent of food sales despite a decade of support by the U.S. National Organic Standard. Using the United States as a context, the authors show through survey data and confirmatory factor analysis that when “organic” is examined through the lens of brand theory, it is clear that it has yet to attain brand equity. There is evidence of brand awareness and perceived quality, suggesting that the industry has moved in the right direction. Yet negative perceptions of value and no evidence of brand loyalty undermine the industry’s goals. Because “organic” carries different significance to different consumers, the industry will have to develop a cohesive strategy to reestablish “organic” in a unified way. For country markets of similar experience with organic food, and for markets just beginning to consider consumer interest in organic food, these lessons from the United States offer guidance for policy and marketing strategy.     

The Prospects for Export of Primal Beef Cuts to California*

The west coast of the United States has been suggested as a large potential market for Alberta beef products. The paper presents a formal investigation of this market for primal beef cuts. Three aspects are covered; the compatability of Canadian and United States grading and cutting specifications, the profitability of such exports using historical data, and the availability of market information to Canadian producers. The results suggest that the Alberta industry could increase profits considerably by entering the United States market but that the process will require considerable flexibility and a commitment to improved market information.     

美国的土壤保护和启示

美国的土壤侵蚀经过６０年的治理得到了明显的减轻,但还存在一些问题,土壤侵蚀形势依然严峻。６０年来美国开展了大量的土壤侵蚀治理项目,土壤保护经历了由注重减轻田间土壤侵蚀,增加土壤生产力到注重减轻土壤侵蚀对环境影响的转变。这对中国的土壤保护有一定的启示作用。     

United States Demand for Coffee Imports

The United States - one of the world's largest coffee importers - imports coffee beans from a variety of different countries. These countries are aggregated into five groups representing five broadly defined types of coffee. Imports of the five coffees over time are examined to determine price, expenditure and substitution elasticities. These elasticities reflect preferences as well a technical relationships in the form of blending recipes. The lower the degree of substitutability between the different types of coffee, the more inelastic the demand from the United States facing groups of exporting countries. The results suggest rigidities in United States imports of coffee of different types. These rigidities are evidenced by substantial complementarity among the five coffee types. Preference patterns are very similar across a wide range of model specifications. There are differences in expenditure elasticities for different types of coffee in the United States.     

中美贸易战对林产品贸易的影响及其对策建议

在梳理中美林产品贸易相互关系的基础上,分析了新一轮贸易战将对中美林业产业、林产品贸易、就业等的影响。结果表明:贸易战对中低级技术水平的从业人员影响较大,短期内对中国传统优势产品出口冲击较大,但长期反而能分摊和降低贸易风险,以价格优势为主的微利型木材加工企业和以美国为主要出口市场的出口导向型企业将面临较大风险;同时,贸易战不仅会直接损害美国消费者利益,还会加速其木材产业的萎缩。拓宽进口渠道,扩展替代市场和国内市场,加快国际合作,加强技术创新,落实财政政策是中国减缓和避免贸易战对中美双方林产品贸易产生不利影响的应对措施。     

The effects of the Yuan‐dollar exchange rate on agricultural commodity trade between the United States,China, and their competitors

The United States claims that the undervaluation of Chinese currency, the Yuan, causes U.S. exports to China to decrease and imports from China to increase. Furthermore, because the Yuan is undervalued only against the dollar, U.S. competitors have an advantage in exporting to China and China has an advantage over its competitors in exporting to the United States. This study develops a theoretical model to analyze the effect of the Yuan undervaluation on prices, supply, demand, and trade in the United States, China, and their competitors. This study applies a cointegration/error‐correction model to empirically quantify the short‐run and long‐run effects of the devaluation of the Yuan on important agricultural commodities traded between the United States, China, and their competitors. These commodities include Chinese imports of milk, soybeans, and cotton from the United States and U.S. imports of beans, fruit juice, and fruit from China. The results show that Yuan devaluation causes Chinese imports of U.S. milk, soybeans, and cotton to decline and U.S. imports of beans, fruit juice, and fruit from China to increase in the short run and in the long run.     

Canada's Agricultural Trade in North America: Do National Borders Matter?

Canada and the United States are each other's largest trading partner. Trade in agricultural goods has grown continuously since the signing of the Canada–United States Trade Agreement in 1989. The trade agreement removed most tariffs on traded agricultural goods. However, many nontariff barriers remain. We estimate the border effects for a select group of agricultural commodities and find that the quantity traded is less than would be predicted under free trade.     

Acceptance of genetically modified food: comparing consumer perspectives in the United States and South Korea

This study examines public perceptions of biotechnology, specifically the consumer approval of genetically modified food products, from plant as well as from animal origin, based on data collected from national surveys conducted in both the United States and South Korea. South Korean consumers reported better understanding of food production, science, and technology relative to U.S. consumers. South Korean consumers also recalled having heard more about genetic modification than did U.S. consumers. Findings also suggest that consumers in the United States and South Korea who possessed an accurate knowledge of the applications and outcomes of genetic modification technology were more likely to approve of its use for the creation of foods than those who had inaccurate or no knowledge of the technology. Results also indicate that consumers who considered labeling of genetically modified foods to be necessary are less likely to approve of the genetic modification of foods than those who did not. Consumers in both countries are less approving of genetic modification of animals than the genetic modification of plants. However, U.S. consumers are more approving of using genetic modification technology to create animal‐derived foods than are South Korean consumers.     

中国企业应如何应对美国关税法337条款调查

近年来，中国企业在国际贸易中频频遭到美国“337条款”的起诉，造成了巨大的损失。首先介绍了美国《关税法》337条款的内容，然后分析了目前中国企业因为“337条款”所面临的困境，最后提出了中国政府和企业在面对“337条款”时应采取的措施。     

Demand for Beef from Cattle Administered Growth Hormones or Fed Genetically Modified Corn: A Comparison of Consumers in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States

We compare consumer valuations of beef ribeye steaks from cattle produced without growth hormones or genetically modified corn in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Results suggest that French consumers place a higher value on beef from cattle that have not been administered added growth hormones than U.S. consumers; however, valuations of non-hormone-treated beef are statistically indistinguishable across Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Results also suggest that European consumers place a much higher value on beef from cattle that have not been fed genetically modified corn than U.S. consumers.     

Canadian Exports of Livestock and Meat to the United States

Canadian exports of beef and live cattle to the United States have increased significantly since the late 1980s. Hog and pork exports have increased since the mid-1990s. Major factors affecting exports of beef, pork, cattle and hogs from Canada to the United States include the exchange rate, increased Canadian production, Canada-U.S. price differentials and trade liberalization under the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1989. Increased Canadian exports have resulted in small but significant reductions in U.S. domestic prices of beef, pork and hogs.     

SPS and TBT agreements and international agricultural trade: retaliation or cooperation?

In this article, we investigate whether the Brazilian notifications to the TBT and SPS agreements are characterized as retaliation or as cooperation in international agricultural trade in the period 1996–2008. A Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model is used to estimate game models of bilateral trade between Brazil and its major partners (United States, European Union, and Japan). From the viewpoint of strategic games, the results suggest that the Brazilian notifications are forms of retaliation against the United States, and, regarding the European Union, the best result for Brazil was conciliation. On the other hand, if the results are interpreted as equilibria of bargaining games, they suggest that Brazil has great bargaining power in trade with the United States and that cooperation characterized agricultural trade between Brazil and the European Union in the period analyzed. In the case of agricultural trade between Brazil and Japan, only Japan has characteristics of a country with significant bargaining power.     

美国植物种质资源共享管理

在参考、分析美国植物种质资源系统网站资料和有关美国植物的法律资料的基础上，介绍了美国植物种质资源系统基本概况，包括组成机构、职能划分和人员经费。在了解基本概况的基础上，进而介绍了美国植物种质资源的共享情况，包括对外共享名录、共享分发指南和申请共享办法。最后分析了植物种质资源共享管理的法律保障情况。