Gender Discrimination in Earnings in Indonesia: A Fuller Picture

This article analyses data from the 2007 Indonesia Family Life Survey in order to decompose the gender gap in earnings into explained and unexplained gaps, not only at the mean but also across the entire distribution. Women earned about 30% less than men, in both paid work and self-employment. The explained gap accounts for only about a quarter of the gap in paid work but for about half of the gap in self-employment. When the decomposition is made across the earnings distribution, the total gap decreases with earnings in both paid work and self-employment, and both conditional and unconditional on characteristics. In both employment sectors, the explained gap remains similar across the distribution, and therefore the unexplained gap drives the decrease in the total gap. The unconditional decomposition across the distribution provides great insight into the dynamics that are obscured in results derived from decomposition at the mean.     

Early Experience and Later Outcomes of Education: Schooling Transition Evidence from Indonesia

This paper investigates the effect of early school experience on later educational attainment. Using the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), we find that students who repeat a grade at primary school are less likely to progress to junior high school. We also find that grade retention is associated with lower rates of transition from junior high school to senior high school. The relationship persists across years and samples. Meanwhile, the age of students when starting school and the hours they spend there have limited effects on whether they continue their schooling. We also observe that the effects of parental education and household income on the transition of students from primary school to junior high school are weakening. Given the long-term impact of grade retention, policymakers should be cautious when recommending it for underachieving children and should look for alternatives.     

Why Do Differences in Provincial Incomes Persist in Indonesia?

Despite 20 years of sustained economic growth that saw provincial GDPs rise and inequalities in per capita provincial GDPs fall, per capita income disparities among provinces persist. In this paper we present evidence that poor provinces have tended to catch up with middle- and high-income provinces, hut that regions at the top and bottom of the distribution in 1975 finished. In similar positions in 1993 lnvestments in human capital (education and health) seem to be the most effective way of increasing provincial incomes and reducing the disparities in provincial GDP per capita. The poorer provinces and rural areas can grow faster than the richer ones because they can gain the most from better health and education, they have the highest rates of illiteracy, fertility, and infant, child and maternal mortality.     

On the Causes of Gender Differences in Language Use

There are big gender differences in language use resulted from many causes. The study on language use is significant, This thesis mainly analyzes its main causes of these gender differences in language use.     

Gender Differences in Financial Education: Evidence from Primary School

Today, financial and economic education is a primary issue in academia and among policy makers, and there is great interest towards programmes that are able to boost it. In this paper, we test whether a programme (“treatment”) of financial education on savings, targeted to children aged 8 and 9 is effective and to what extent. We measure the interest rate required by the children before and after the treatment to accept postponing a reward, computing its variation and comparing this with that of a control group. We find evidence that the overall initiative is helpful in decreasing the level of impatience of children and the number of inconsistent choices of boys. Our findings invite to reflect on the gender neutrality of programmes of financial education.     

浅谈新时期如何加强煤矿机电设备管理

目前，对于语言性别差异的研究越来越受到众多学者的重视。本文从语音，词汇，句法和话题多角度采分析语言的性别差异性。     

Literacy Skills and Earnings: Race and Gender Differences

This study examines differences in returns to literacy skills on earnings of black and white men and women. Literacy skill is a composite measure of three scales: reading comprehension, document literacy (the ability to locate and use information in, say, tables and graphs), and mathematics proficiency. Using data from the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), we estimate earnings determination models separately for each racial/gender group. Our findings show that the effect of literacy on earnings varies by race and gender. Literacy skills favorably rewarded black men relative to black women and white men and women, net of education and other relevant variables. More importantly, literacy completely explained the effect of a high school diploma and some college on earnings of black men. We conclude that the economic importance of literacy skills is particularly salient for less-educated black men.     

上海世博会社会影响感知的性别差异分析

文章通过对上海居民实际抽样调查,根据受访者的性别加以细化辨识,对上海世博会社会影响感知维度的16项主要评价指标进行实证分析。分析表明男性较女性更为理性地判断世博会的科技创新、文化差异的互动融合,对世博会的理解也体现在更高的层面上。这项分析对指导大型活动的开发、规划与运营,为政府部门、大型活动的策划者以及相关企事业单位等主办机构的活动管理和赞助商投资提供了参考。     

试析性别差异对军费开支的影响

随着女性就业和参政议政的比率日益增加,国际关系学者关注的一个问题就是,这一趋势对于国际关系领域的安全与合作有何影响?为了检验女性主义理论,作者进行了统计分析,发现性别因素的影响随着研究对象的不同而发生变化。对于世界大国,其军费开支基本不受性别因素的影响;但对于世界大国以外的其他国家,军费开支则在较大程度上受到性别因素的影响。女性主义的结论适用于大国之外的这类国家,女性就业率和女性议员比率可以解释这类国家的军费变化。但是对于世界不同地区,其结论又有所不同。在中东地区、亚洲、欧洲和北美地区,各国军费占政府开支的比率与该地区女性议员比率成反比。而女性的经济地位则并非如此,在中东这一女性地位相对低的地区,女性就业率对地区军费变化并没有显著影响;而在亚洲、欧洲和北美地区,其女性地位居于中等或较高位置的地区,各国军费占政府开支的比率与该地区女性就业率成反比。在分析和借鉴女性主义理论时需要考虑不同的研究对象与适用条件。     

英语教师课堂语言的性别差异

在语言课堂中,教师话语既是学习的目的,也是教学的媒介。因此,教师话语在英语学习中起着非常重要的作用。同时,在语言使用过程中,男女有着不同的交际风格;不同性别的语言教师在课堂上使用的语言风格也不一样。男女教师从话语量、教师提问方式、反馈用语、指令用语四个方面表现出课堂语言的差异,分析男女教师的教学风格,可为改进英语教学提供参考。     

Gender Differences in the Giving and Taking Variants of the Dictator Game

We run between‐subject dictator games with exogenously specified “give” or “take” frames involving a balanced pool of male and female dictators and constant payoff possibilities. We find the following: Females allocate more under the taking frame than under the giving frame. Males allocate more under the giving frame than under the taking frame. In the taking frame females are more generous than males. But in the giving frame both are equally generous. Finally, when the combined population of males and females is considered, giving is found to be equivalent to “not taking,” because the opposing gender effects offset each other.     

Gender Differences in Financial Reporting Decision Making: Evidence from Accounting Conservatism

This paper investigates the effect of CFO gender on corporate financial reporting decision making. Focusing on firms that experience changes of CFO from male to female, the paper compares the firms' degree of accounting conservatism between pre‐ and post‐transition periods. We find that female CFOs are more conservative in their financial reporting. In addition, we find that the relation between CFO gender and conservatism varies with the level of various firm risks, including litigation risk, default risk, systematic risk, and CFO‐specific risk such as job security risk. We further find that the risk aversion of female CFOs is associated with less equity‐based compensation, lower firm risk, a higher tangibility level, and a lower dividend payout level. Overall, the study provides strong support for the notion that female CFOs are more risk averse than male CFOs, which leads female CFOs to adopt more conservative financial reporting policies.     

城市居民休闲活动满意度的性别差异研究

对性别与休闲活动满意度之间的关系进行研究,有利于促进我国休闲结构完善、休闲产业发展.文章以成都市居民的问卷调查数据为基础,通过统计检验,分析了性别与休闲活动满意度之间的关系.研究发现,虽然总体上性别在休闲活动满意度中几乎没有差异,但在满意度子类中差异显著:女性在休闲活动满意度情绪体验类和城市休闲状况评价上满意度较高,而男性则在健康体验类、认知体验类和群体体验类满意度较高.     

Gender and Competition between Economic or Non‐economic Labor and Schooling: Evidence from EPAM Mali

Abstract: We use the Understanding Children's Work (UCW) definition of child labor and data from the Mali Permanent Household Survey to highlight the gender difference in the competition between economic or non‐economic labor and schooling. A quadri‐variate Probit estimation allows to account for the interdependency between school and various kinds of labor: household chores (HHC), market‐oriented (MO) activities and non‐market‐oriented (NMO) activities. Empirical results provide interesting findings, including differential gender socialization according to the gender of the offspring, gender bias in repartition of tasks and time, and competition between labor activities and schooling.