从文化的角度看国际财务报告准则趋同问题

虽然有些国家认为国际财务报告准则成本高且程序复杂所以不愿意采用,然而,随着国际贸易和经济全球化的发展,对一套高质量的、统一的会计准则的需求正在增加.本文从文化的角度,以美国、德国、日本和中国为例探讨各国会计准则与国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的趋同情况,分析各国趋同情况不同的原因.     

对国际财务报告准则的思考及对策探究

在经济日趋全球化的境况下,国际财务报告准则为了适应经济的快速发展进行了重大改革,主要针对概念框架、金融资产的分类、公允价值计量、财务报表等四个方面进行了修整,我国在这一问题上进行了深刻思考并就如何更加深入国际财务报告准则的编制工作进行了对策研究。     

国际财务报告准则变革对中国银行业的影响

国际金融危机的爆发,引发了二十国集团(G20)峰会和金融稳定理事会(FSB)对建立全球统一的高质量会计准则达成共识,提出了对现行国际财务报告准则进行修订的要求。国际会计准则理事会(IASB)针对公允价值这一金融危机中的核心问题进行了修订。本文在中国会计准则国际趋同的背景下,分析研究国际财务报告准则修订对我国银行业将会产生的影响,并就如何应对新准则的问题,维护银行金融业的稳定提出了相应的对策建议。     

关于中国企业会计准则与国际财务报告准则持续全面趋同问题

为响应G20峰会提出的建立全球高质量会计准则的倡议,IASB拟对系列准则进行重大修改,包括:将金融工具的分类从现行的四类简化为以摊余成本和公允价值计量两类,并禁止重分类;对公允价值进行重新定义,强调公允价值估值技术必须与市场法、收益法或成本法一致;在财务报表中引入综合收益,并按照营业活动、筹资活动对三张报表进行分类;其他准则的后续修订仍在继续。我国作为新兴市场经济国家,企业经济业务有其特殊性。财政部发布了《中国企业会计准则与国际财务报告准则持续全面趋同路线图(征求意见稿)》,会计理论和实务工作者应当积极行动起来,抓住机遇、迎接挑战,积极参与IASB的准则修订,促进全球统一的高质量会计准则充分考虑新兴市场经济国家的实际,并积极消除中国企业会计准则与国际财务报告准则现存的极少差异,实现会计准则的持续全面趋同。     

国际财务报告准则的最新动态

伴随着国际会计准则委员会(IASC)改组而成立国际会计准则理事会(International Accounting Standards Board),国际会计准则(International Accounting Standard,IAS)概念也将逐步为国际财务报告准则(International Financial and Reporting Standards,IFRS)所替代。就目前情况而言,原国际会计准则委员会理事会发布的准则,虽然有时也称作国际则务报告准则,但习惯上人们仍称其     

国际财务报告准则的发展——会计准则的国际趋同

随着会计准则的国际趋同,世界上越来越多的国家采用国际财务报告准则(IFRSs).2005年,欧盟25个成员国、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非和俄罗斯等国约有15000家上市公司均遵循IFRS编制年度财务报表.美国约有15000家在美国证券交易委员会(SEC)注册登记的公司,采用的是美国公认会计原则(U.S.GAAP).所以,世界上大多数大型企业是按这两套会计准则体系编制财务报表的.双方准则制定者都同意在确认和计量的规则上走向趋同.美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)主席认为,在2010年双方准则之间的主要差异将趋消失.     

国际财务报告准则下的评估

欧盟各国上市公司从2005年1月1日起采用国际财务报告准则。为了解在其执行过程中评估准则的应用情况,国际评估准则委员会(IVSC)对欧洲主要不动产投资公司按国际财务报告准则(IFRS)编制的年报中评估准则应用的一致程度,以及不动产评估的价值定义情况进行了调查分析。译者对该调查分析结果进行了编译,供读者参阅。     

国际财务报告准则第10号——合并财务报表

目标1.本准则的目标是明确在主体控制一个或多个其他主体情况下编制和列报合并财务报表应遵循的原则。目标的实现2.为了实现第1段规定的目标,本准则：     

美国应用国际财务报告准则的策略选择研究与启示

本文研究了美国从技术层面和政策层面应用国际财务报告准则的策略选择,将美国证监会的相关决策历程划分为四个阶段,对其极有可能采取的"趋同认可"策略进行了深度剖析,吸收其可借鉴的经验,为我国继续做好会计准则国际趋同、深入参与国际财务报告准则制定工作提出有关政策建议。     

国际财务报告准则前言

国际会计准则委员会最近发布了《国际财务报告准则前言》。该《前言》全面阐述了国际会计准则委员会的构成和职能、国际会计准则理事会的目标、国际财务报告准则的地位和作用、国际财务报告准则的制定程序 ,甚至还包括使用的语言 ,是国际会计准则委员会的全新展示。本期特刊出此《前言》译稿 ,供参考。     

Measuring convergence of National Accounting Standards with International Financial Reporting Standards

This paper analyses three methods for measuring the success achieved in effecting convergence between any two sets of accounting standards. We begin by reviewing a measurement method based on the concept of Euclidean distances. We then propose two better measures (involving Jaccard's coefficients and Spearman's coefficients) to assess the progress of National Accounting Standards setting bodies in converging their standards with International Financial Reporting Standards [IFRS]. For illustrative purposes, we measure the convergence of National Accounting Standards in Portugal with International Accounting Standards [IAS] and IFRS over the period 1977–2003.     

国际财务报告准则第1号—初次采用国际财务报告准则

目标 1.本国际财务报告准则的目标是确保实体首份按国际财务报告准则编制的财务报表,以及这些财务报表涵盖的部分期间的中期财务报告提供高质量的信息:     

国际财务报告准则第2号:以股份为基础的支付

目标 1.本国际财务报告准则的目的是规范主体从事的以股份为基础的支付交易的财务报告.特别是,它要求主体在其损益和财务状况中反映以股份为基础的支付交易的影响,包括与授予雇员股票期权交易相关的费用.     

与资产评估业务相关的国际财务报告准则

2004年3月,国际财务报告准则经修订后重新发布,修订后的国际财务报告准则对于资产评估的需求大幅度增加.而根据惯例,相关的资产评估业务一般要求由独立的评估师来完成.近年来,国际财务报告准则(IFRS)日益受到各国的重视,2005年1月1日,欧盟上市公司已全面采用国际财务报告准则.同时,许多国家的会计准则也纷纷致力于与国际财务报告准则的接轨.     

国际会计准则理事会与国际财务报告准则的新动向

2001年4月1日完成改组的国际会计准则理事会(IASB),其机构设置、目标任务、运作方式、发展策略等都发生了重大变化,它以全球会计准则的研制和实施为目标,不断提高每一项会计准则的研制质量,努力推动国际会计准则的认可和实施。改组两年多来,取得了有目共睹的显著成绩,同时也面临许多新的问题和压力。本文对IASB和国际财务报告准则(IFRS)近两年的情况进行了深入研究,以期能够对我国会计准则的研究和制定有所贡献。 IASB的机构设置和发展目标: 全球会计准则的研制和推广经过历时三年多的改组重建,新的国际会计准则委员…     

Microfinance institutions and International Financial Reporting Standards: An exploratory analysis

Previous studies analyzing firms’ incentives to choose international accounting standards show that firms with strong contracting incentives will be more likely to comply with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). These studies are mostly centered on developed economies and are based on European and US data. Little is known about development finance organizations’ incentives to choose to draft their financial statements according to IFRS. Because commercialized microfinance institutions (MFIs) have strong contracting incentives, we investigate whether commercialization drives the choice of IFRS and study a pooled international sample of MFIs’ audited financial statements extracted from the MIX from 2007 to 2014. Consistent with our predictions, evidence shows that commercialization and maturity (age) are likely to drive the MFIs’ choice to comply with IFRS. Results are robust after controlling for heterogeneity in national regulations with regard to IFRS.     

The Role of National Culture in International Financial Reporting Standards Adoption

Prior research shows that the development of national accounting systems follows different patterns in different countries over the world. This was recently supported by the staggered manner in which countries adopt IFRS. Extant evidence shows that IFRS adoption decisions at the country level are determined by institutional and economic factors. In this context, cultural factors have not been considered. This paper examines the relationship between five cultural dimensions and countries’ decisions to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) around the world during the period 2003-2014. We find that countries with higher levels of uncertainty avoidance are more likely to adopt IFRS. Additionally, they are more likely to commit to early adoption largely on a mandatory rather than voluntary basis. On the other hand, countries with higher values of masculinity are more likely to adopt IFRS early, but the extent (whether voluntary or mandatory adoption) of adoption is not significantly related to masculinity. Finally, we show that countries with higher power distance (long-term orientation) are more (less) likely to adopt IFRS on a mandatory basis. The results are in line with Gray’s theory of cultural influence and suggest that differences in national culture had a significant role in countries’ reaction to the introduction of IFRS as a set of unified accounting standards targeting the harmonization of accounting standards adopted across different jurisdictions.     

The Value Relevance of Accounting Numbers Under International Financial Reporting Standards

We study the market reaction to the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Spain by examining the value relevance of the information contained in the IFRS reconciliation adjustments in relation to the local generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The two‐staged IFRS disclosure in the transition period is specific to Spain: the aggregated numbers of accounting differences are disclosed in stage 1, and the IFRS individual adjustments on book value of equity and earnings are disclosed in stage 2. This unique reporting timeline provides an opportunity for the market both to assess the impact of those new accounting policies adopted by firms and to assess differences when compared to the previous GAAP. We find no evidence of increased value relevance after IFRS adoption. However, our results from the incremental value relevance test show that investors consider the individual reconciliation adjustments in the second stage to be valuable and significant, specifically in relation to marked‐to‐market adjustment to financial instruments, adjustments to intangibles, provisions and impairment adjustments to property, plant and equipment, adjustments to inventories, and adjustments to pension benefits. Moreover, the results are significantly higher for low leverage firms. Our findings indicate that the market prices the informativeness of the reconciliation adjustments once the transition to IFRS disclosure cycle is complete.     

Convergence with International Financial Reporting Standards: The Case of Indonesia

Accounting professional bodies and governments in over 70 countries have supported the efforts made through the Indian Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in setting global accounting standards by adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) for local financial reporting purposes. However, this has not happened in over 30 other countries due to various reasons. The US standard setters, for example, have decided to eliminate the differences between IFRSs and US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) first as part of their convergence project with the IASB. Also, some emerging nations have not supported IFRSs due to other reasons. In Indonesia, for example, IFRSs are not permitted for domestic listed companies. The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the possible reasons for non-adoption of IFRSs in Indonesia by highlighting some of the important factors that are likely to influence the accounting environment in that country, taking an ecological perspective.