基于企业集团多元化战略下的内部资本市场研究——以云天化集团(600096)为例

内部资本市场理论从提出到现在,已经越来越受到理论界和实务界的重视,学者们围绕内部资本市场展开了深入地研究,这些研究多是围绕着内部资本市场的存在性、效率和与外部资本市场的关系等方面所展开,而真正涉及到内部资本市场的有效应用和治理这方面的研究却不多见。与学界的争论不同,实务界一直在进行着实践,有成功的案例,但更多的却是因为治理、监督等问题而归于失败。这些失败的实践更突显出了内部资本市场理论研究的方向性以及迫切性。正是基于这样一种思考,本文以云天化(600096)为例就内部资本市场的理论及其治理问题展开探讨。     

基于三维分析框架的企业内部控制理论研究

一、关于内部控制理论研究文献回顾 面对内部控制理论研究和实务的困境,诸多学者从各自的视角进行了探索,提出了很多极富启发意义的观点.为考察我国企业内部控制的实施环境,杨雄胜等(2007)从我国法律法规的规定、公司自身的重视程度、会计事务所以及资本市场等四个方面对内部控制的社会认同度进行研究,得出目前我国内部控制社会认同度...     

多元化公司内部资本市场配置效率——国外相关研究述评与启示

内部资本市场理论是理解多元化公司内部资金配置最重要的理论之一,本文介绍了多元化公司内部资本市场理论的研究进展,分别围绕内部资本市场的配置效率、测度方法以及内部资本市场与多元化公司价值的实证检验等几个方面,对国外已有的文献进行回顾与梳理,并阐述了内部资本市场理论对我国经济改革与发展具有的重要现实意义。     

中国“系族企业”分部经理影响力活动、内部资本市场及其配置效率

多元化集团内部资本市场(ICM)的资源配置效率随着分部经理影响分配决策能力的变化而改变。由于我国内部资本市场替代不完美外部资本市场以及多元化企业中更易频繁发生的影响力活动,研究中国ICM配置效率尤其是分部经理影响力活动对于ICM配置效率的影响更具意义。本文以中国资本市场"系族企业"为对象进行实证检验,突出研究多元化企业中分部经理影响力对于内部资本市场配置效率的影响作用。研究结论对于我国企业集团设计资本预算程序和薪酬激励体系提供了理论依据和标杆。     

企业集团内部资本市场的存在性与效率性

国内外的研究表明企业集团普遍存在,尤其是在新兴市场经济国家。企业集团以集团总部为核心,通过内部资本市场在分部(成员企业)之间进行资源配置。目前国内关于内部资本市场的研究集中关注内部资本市场对于缓解企业融资约束方面的功能,尚缺乏企业集团内部资本市场资源配置功能的经验证据。本文以2006-2007年沪深两市的系族企业为研究对象,探讨我国企业集团内部资本市场的存在性与效率性。本文的研究结论表明:一方面,无论是国有还是民营企业集团,普遍存在着活跃的内部资本市场;另一方面,企业集团内部资本市场的配置效率普遍不高,并且民营企业集团的内部资本市场的配置效率要显著低于国有企业集团。     

内部资本市场理论对我国集团公司发展的启示

集团公司作为现代经济发展中的一种企业组织形式,已经成为现代企业发展的一个重要现象.我国自从20世纪80年代以来,对集团公司的发展作出了几次大的规划和指导.内部资本市场作为集团公司中资本配置的一种方式,西方学术界对它已经作了大量的研究,而我国在这方面的研究还很鲜见.本文主要是对西方内部资本市场理论进行综述,同时对集团公司的发展提出了一些看法.     

中国上市公司内部资本市场有效吗?——来自H股多分部上市公司的证据

从理论上说,外部资本市场无效或低效的情况下,企业集团可以通过构建内部资本市场有效配置资源。本文采用基于资产回报的现金流敏感性法,对H股多分部上市公司内部资本市场效率进行了直接测度。针对2000～2011年532个样本的面板数据的研究显示,上市公司内部资本市场总体有效,大部分上市公司能够通过内部资本市场持续有效地配置资源,部分上市公司具有出色的"挑选胜者"的能力。本文的研究结论符合理论预期,不仅为我国发展企业集团的经济政策提供了经验证据,而且为进一步的研究奠定了理论和方法基础。     

中国上市公司内部资本市场有效吗？--来自H股多分部上市公司的证据北大核心CSSCI

从理论上说,外部资本市场无效或低效的情况下,企业集团可以通过构建内部资本市场有效配置资源。本文采用基于资产回报的现金流敏感性法,对H股多分部上市公司内部资本市场效率进行了直接测度。针对2000～2011年532个样本的面板数据的研究显示,上市公司内部资本市场总体有效,大部分上市公司能够通过内部资本市场持续有效地配置资源,部分上市公司具有出色的"挑选胜者"的能力。本文的研究结论符合理论预期,不仅为我国发展企业集团的经济政策提供了经验证据,而且为进一步的研究奠定了理论和方法基础。     

对内部资本市场研究现状的思考

随着我国企业集团在规模和数量上的快速发展,内部资本市场已成为众多学者研究企业集团资本运营管理的有效路径。文章通过对内部资本市场国内外研究现状综述,理清了内部资本市场研究的发展脉络,解答了有关内部资本市场的本质问题,并对研究现状作出了简要评述,同时也指出了进一步研究的方向。     

对内部资本市场研究现状的思考

随着我国企业集团在规模和数量上的快速发展,内部资本市场已成为众多学者研究企业集团资本运营管理的有效路径。文章通过对内部资本市场国内外研究现状综述,理清了内部资本市场研究的发展脉络,解答了有关内部资本市场的本质问题,并对研究现状作出了简要评述,同时也指出了进一步研究的方向。     

内部资本市场超额价值创造研究——基于资源基础理论的思考

本文基于资源基础理论视角研究了内部资本市场超额价值创造问题,界定了内部资本市场资源的内涵,将内部资本市场资源具体分为人力资本资源、财务资源、信息资源和关系资源,指出内部资本市场资源在企业集团环境中具有网络性和路径依赖的独特属性;探讨了内部资本市场各项资源在内部资本市场创造超额价值的方式,认为各项资源在超额价值创造过程中相互作用的主线是,人力资本资源运用关系资源和信息资源提高财务资源的价值存量和配置效率,创造内部资本市场超额价值。     

Should business groups be dismantled? The equilibrium costs of efficient internal capital markets

We analyze the relationship between conglomerates’ internal capital markets and the efficiency of economy-wide capital allocation, and we identify a novel cost of conglomeration that arises from an equilibrium framework. Because of financial market imperfections engendered by imperfect investor protection, conglomerates that engage in winner-picking (Stein, 1997 [Internal capital markets and the competition for corporate resources. Journal of Finance 52, 111–133]) find it optimal to allocate scarce capital internally to mediocre projects, even when other firms in the economy have higher-productivity projects that are in need of additional capital. This bias for internal capital allocation can decrease allocative efficiency even when conglomerates have efficient internal capital markets, because a substantial presence of conglomerates might make it harder for other firms in the economy to raise capital. We also argue that the negative externality associated with conglomeration is particularly costly for countries that are at intermediary levels of financial development. In such countries, a high degree of conglomeration, generated, for example, by the control of the corporate sector by family business groups, could decrease the efficiency of the capital market. Our theory generates novel empirical predictions that cannot be derived in models that ignore the equilibrium effects of conglomerates. These predictions are consistent with anecdotal evidence that the presence of business groups in developing countries inhibits the growth of new independent firms because of a lack of finance.     

企业内控评价体系框架构建研究

内部控制作为提升现代企业经营业绩和管理水平的重要工具,不仅关系到企业的质量和自身发展,而且关系到广大投资者的利益和资本市场的健康发展。通过对企业内部各组织机构内部控制执行的过程监控和结果评价,查找和揭示企业内部控制的缺陷和薄弱环节,并提出整改意见和建议,从而促进企业内部控制制度的进一步加强和完善。本文借鉴ICEM模型框架和COSO五要素报告框架的基础上,基于企业内部控制指引角度构建了内部控制评价系统,提出了企业内部控制评价的一种新的方法体系,为统一内部控制自我评价制度和注册会计师核实评价制度,完善我国上市公司内部控制评价及信息披露制度,推进我国企业内部控制建设和内部控制规范化,具有较强的理论意义和现实意义。     

金融危机冲击对企业集团内部资本市场运行的影响——来自我国民营系族企业的经验证据

金融危机冲击下,内部资本市场的运行会发生怎样的调整与变化?内外部资本市场间究竟存在怎样的相互关系?本文以2008年金融危机为背景研究了外部冲击对内部资本市场运行的影响。研究发现:常态经济运行环境下,企业集团通过活跃的内部资本市场来缓解融资约束,但金融危机爆发后,内部资本市场的这种作用消失了;当受到外部冲击时,内部资本市场被外部债务市场所替代。此外,危机爆发前,虽然系族总部通过内部资本市场进行了"交叉补贴",但其并非在系族内"挑选胜者",而更多地考虑企业的投资机会在行业中的相对水平。     

Internal Capital Markets in Financial Conglomerates: Evidence from Small Bank Responses to Monetary Policy

This paper looks at internal capital markets in financial conglomerates by comparing the responses of small subsidiary and independent banks to monetary policy. I find that internal capital markets in financial conglomerates relax the credit constraints faced by smaller bank affiliates. Further analysis indicates that those markets lessen the impact of Fed policies on bank lending activity. The paper also examines the role of internal capital markets in influencing the investment allocation process of those conglomerates. My findings suggest that frictions between conglomerate headquarters and external capital markets are at the root of investment inefficiencies generated by internal capital markets.     

Conglomerate investment under various capital market conditions

This paper studies the investment of diversified and focused firms under various capital market conditions. When external capital becomes more costly at the aggregate level, investment declines in focused firms but remains unchanged in diversified firms. This investment advantage enjoyed by diversified firms could attribute to both their easy access to external capital and their ability to substitute internal capital markets for costly external markets. Consistent with the internal capital market argument, our findings show that the investment advantage exists for diversified firms even after we control for their easy access to external markets. We also find that the role of internal markets in financing investment is more important for diversified firms that are more financially constrained in external markets. Finally, we find that the segment-level investment becomes more efficient in conglomerates’ internal capital markets under depressed external capital market conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that internal capital allocation functions as a valuable and efficient substitute for diversified firms in a tightened external capital market.     

The Impact of Business Groups on Investment Efficiency: Does Capital Allocation Matter?

Using data on internal capital markets in China, this paper examines the influence of internal capital markets on investment efficiency in business groups. The empirical results show that using internal capital markets can alleviate over invests within business groups. In addition, it can alleviate deficiencies in R&D investment in business groups effectively. The impact of internal capital markets on investment efficiency varies between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises. At private enterprises, internal capital market operations significantly alleviate overinvestment and promote R&D investment. However, at state-owned enterprises, internal capital market operations increase overinvestment and reduce investment in R&D.     

Ownership,Internal Capital Market,and Financing Costs

The development of China’s financial markets lags behind its economic development, which has set constraints for firms to obtain external finance. In practice, Chinese firms employ an internal capital market to mitigate financial constraints. We provide a case study and empirical analysis to investigate both the determinants for the establishment of an internal capital market and its economic consequence. We find that private enterprises (PEs) have greater motivation to establish an internal capital market and to allocate capital by the market-oriented way. In addition, we find that the internal capital market can help firms reduce financing costs, especially in PEs.     

地理距离、契约设计与企业内部资本市场借贷风险防控——来自中国企业集团内部借贷交易的证据

地理因素对保持距离型市场交易的影响已被大量文献证实,但系统考察地理因素是否以及如何影响企业内部经济活动的研究仍十分匮乏。基于手工搜集整理的企业集团内部委托贷款这一独特数据,我们实证考察了地理距离对企业集团内部借贷契约设计的影响及相关的风险防控问题。实证结果显示,借贷距离越远,针对借款者的契约设计越严苛,不仅贷款者更可能要求借款者提供抵押担保,而且对资金用途施加限制的概率也大幅增加。进一步研究发现,与地理距离阻碍了信息搜集和监督的经济直觉一致,距离对企业内部借贷契约严苛性的推高作用会因为借贷双方之间的信息摩擦问题差异而改变。而且,基于借贷违约信息的检验结果表明,作为应对信息不对称的机制,动态调整契约严苛性这一精巧契约设计有效降低了企业内部贷款违约风险。本文不仅增进了对地理因素影响企业内部资本配置的认识,而且加深了对企业内部借贷契约设计的理解,从而对如何有效防控企业内部资本市场运作风险具有启示意义。     

Internal capital market efficiency and the diversification discount: The role of financial statement comparability

This paper investigates how financial statement comparability affects the efficiency of internal capital markets and diversification discounts in multi‐segment firms through monitoring mechanisms. Previous studies suggest that financial statement comparability improves transparency and reduces the cost of information processing, mitigating information asymmetry between managers and shareholders. Using measures of comparability and internal capital efficiency, we find that financial statement comparability has a strong positive influence on internal capital market efficiency. Further, we find that by improving the efficiency of internal capital markets, financial statement comparability indeed mitigates diversification discounts. Especially, the effect of financial statement comparability is more pronounced for firms with high information asymmetry or operating environment volatility. The results support our arguments that financial statement comparability enhances the efficiency of internal capital markets and increases firm value in diversified firms by mitigating agency problems via monitoring and corporate control mechanisms.