EDI——一种新型的单据交换方式及其发展趋势

EDI(Electrmic Inteerchange)按英文直译是电子数据交换。EDI主要用于商业、贸易过程中,以电子形式和电子传递的方式进行商业、贸易单据的交换,从而取代了纸张单据,因此人们把EDI称为无纸单据。但EDI不仅仅用于商业、贸易中,它也用于政府部门,医疗卫生部门,金融界,航空界等等,因此应该说无纸贸易是EDI,但EDI不只是无纸贸易,它是通讯的一种形式和手段。     

无纸贸易大家受益

２００１年６月６－７日，中国上海２００１亚太经合组织贸易部长会议主席声明提到：建立“电子－ＡＰＥＣ”工作小组，提出在本地区内建立数字社会的电子—ＡＰＥＣ战 略设想。部长们呼吁工作小组与企业界密切合作，确定发展电子商务的县体倡议。２００１年 １０月 １５－１６日 ＡＰＥＣ第１３届部长级会议《部长联合声明》，再次提到电子商务在全球的发展前景，部长们对《无纸贸易：使ＡＰＥＣ受益》这一报告表示欢迎，并鼓励成员消除阻碍无纸贸易发展的法规和机制壁垒．并支持关于“发展ＡＰＥＣ无纸贸易单边行动计划”的介议，制定各自的“无纸贸易单边行动计级”，还要求所有成员在２００２年贸易部长会议前完成无纸贸易单边行动计划，并向２００２年贸易部长会议提交报告。电子商务的发展进程势必要求各经济成员体不断加快和完善。中国的电子商务发展进程同样面对着很大的机遇与挑战。     

促进上海自贸区贸易自由化和贸易便利化发展的对策

推进上海自贸区贸易自由化和便利化,应大力发展货物贸易自由化,扩大服务贸易出口;承接国际产业转移,扩大区外直接投资;建立贸易自由化服务机构和研究机构;推行优惠原产地规则便利化;优化口岸贸易环境,提高通关效率;加快贸易便利化制度建设;建立信息集成的无纸贸易平台,提供贸易流通服务;建立区域电子商务协同工程,制定电子贸易的规则流程;提高政策透明度,保证跨境贸易环境的公平;构建跨境电子商务海关监管体系;完善对跨国公司转移定价的管理;增强信息技术应用,建立人员培训机制;扩大服务业的对外开放,将贸易利益惠及生产者和消费者。     

EDI的产生,发展及其在我国的应用

“无纸贸易”或EDI的概念,正在被我国的外经贸界人士所熟悉。它产生于西方发达国家,目前,不仅在这些国家的国内贸易当中得到了广泛应用,而且在其国际贸易中运用得也相当普遍。不采用EDI技术的国家,就有可能被排除在这些发达国家的市场之外。因     

APEC框架下中日韩三国的便利化举措

文章回顾了APEC在便利化方面作出的努力,总结了中日韩三国在APEC框架下采取的便利化措施,并建议将实现三国之间的无纸贸易环境作为未来中日韩自由贸易区框架下三国便利化合作的一个方向。     

试论国际文化贸易人才培养模式的构建

随着我国文化产业的发展与繁荣,我国越来越多地参与到国际文化贸易中。但是,国际文化贸易人才的匮乏严重的影响了我国国际文化贸易的竞争力。基于能力本位教育理念,国际文化贸易人才培养目标定位于培养"国际化的应用创新型"人才。达成目标依赖于完善课程体系、实践培训体系、创新创业培训体系等教学系统,并在此基础上构建提高师资队伍业务能力、双语教材及课程建设、灵活运用不同的教学方法、实行中外联合办学、构建国际文化贸易人才质量评价体系等在内的培养机制。     

战略性贸易政策在发展中国家的应用分析

战略性贸易政策是贸易保护理论的重要组成部分,最早在发达国家得到应用。本文以战略性贸易政策在印度软件业的应用为例,分析了发展中国家是否适合战略性贸易政策的应用。最后结合我国实际,对今后我国贸易政策选择的方向提出一些建议。     

外贸运输中无船承运人责任及其风险防范

近年来,在国际贸易中,客户使用FOB条款并指定境外无船承运人或境内无船承运人安排运输的情况与日俱增。目前,中美贸易FOB条款的贸易合同已达80％。有些被指定的境外无船承运人存心不良,与客户串通搞无单放货,使国际贸易出口企业货、款两落,也有些客户特意设置无船承运人进行国内骗货。在外贸运输上,因为远隔重洋的关系,货物的发运、提取只能凭借一纸提单为证,选用无船承运人需加强风险防范。     

应用EDI的法律问题与对策

应用ＥＤＩ的法律问题与对策□阮兢青ＥＤＩ是ＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃＤａｔａＩｎｔｅｒｃｈａｎｇｅ（电子数据交换）的缩写，俗称“无纸贸易”。由于ＥＤＩ技术仍在发展中，目前国际上对它还没有一个统一的定义。按照联合国标准化组织的描述，ＥＤＩ是指将商业或行政事务...     

关于电子贸易的几个法律问题

电子贸易,又称电子商业、电子商务,它是指以数据电文的方式来生成、储存或传递商业信息的一种现代贸易形式。目前,电子数据交换即EDI是电子贸易的主要载体与代表。由于EDI减少甚至消除了贸易过程中的纸面单证,为此,人们又将其称为“无纸贸易”。EDI的突出价值就在于它既可以节省处理书面单证的大量费用与精力,又可以更快捷地传递商业信息,使贸易流转更为迅速,从而实现了低费用、高效益的基本商业目的。这也是它之所以如此迅速而广泛地被运用于商贸交往的根本原因之一。然而人们又不得不承认EDI的发展与应用不仅仅是技术与商业领域的结…     

INCREASING COSTS IN PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION AND GAINS FROM TRADE*

The purpose of this paper is to extend a monopolistically competitive trade model with symmetric costs to one with asymmetric costs in product diversification. Both the trade pattern and the effects of the opening of trade on welfare are examined. It is shown that: (1)the larger country will be a net importer of differentiated products, which contradicts the result of Krugman (1980); (2)the greater the size of the country, the smaller is the share of the intra-industry trade, and (3)the larger the trading partner of a country, the larger are the gains from trade of the country. Some of these results duplicate those from recent studies. However, our results are based on asymmetric costs. In particular, (3) suggests that the presence of increasing-returns-to-scale technology does not always imply that the large country gains from its large market.     

国际贸易冲击与中国经济的周期波动

国际经济波动对我国经济周期的影响主要是通过国际贸易渠道实现的,本文在对我国对外贸易波动的特征及与经济周期相关性分析的基础之上,通过国际贸易乘数效应具体分析了国际贸易冲击对经济周期波动的影响,其结论表明国际贸易冲击对我国的经济周期波动产生重要的作用和影响,出口每波动1%,会引发GDP波动0.25个百分点左右,随着我国对外贸易的快速增长,贸易波动对宏观经济的影响会进一步增加。     

Pharmaceutical regulation under market integration through parallel trade

In this paper, I study the effect of parallel trade (cross-border resale of goods without the authorization of the manufacturer) on pharmaceutical regulation. Governments may restrict prices directly (price caps) or limit third-party payer reimbursement for the drug (reimbursement limits). I find that parallel trade may relax regulation in the source country of parallel imports under both instruments and intensify regulation in the destination country under a reimbursement limit. I also find that parallel trade may change regulatory preferences: under no parallel trade, both the source and destination country set price caps, and under parallel trade, the source country sets a price cap but the destination country sets a reimbursement limit, thereby enforcing a higher price cap in the South. This implies that drug prices are higher under parallel trade in both source and destination countries.     

人民币汇率对我国对外贸易结构的影响分析

作者利用贸易特定化系数衡量了我国2005年7月21日人民币汇率形成机制改革之后的对外贸易结构，结果显示随着人民币汇率的爬行式缓慢升值，我国大部分资源密集型商品的净出口减少，劳动密集型商品和资本、技术密集型商品的净出口增加，竞争力增强，进出口商品的贸易结构得到优化。因此，进一步完善人民币汇率形成机制，推动人民币汇率稳步升值对我国进出口商品贸易结构是长期利好的。     

Skill distribution and income disparity in a North‐South trade model

Abstract. What are the impacts of free trade agreement on the welfare of different types of workers in a developed country? What is the impact of free trade on a developed country's income disparity? What is the effect of free trade on the skill distribution of a developed country? The objective of this paper is to address the above questions in a two‐sector general‐equilibrium North‐South trade model in which both countries produce one final good and one high‐tech intermediate input. The final good is produced with the use of a high‐tech intermediate input and unskilled workers. Horizontally differentiated skilled workers produce the high‐tech intermediate input. Each country is populated by a continuum of unskilled workers with differential potential ability. Workers in the North and South can acquire skills by investment in training or education. Thus, skill distribution in the North and South is determined endogenously in the model through a self‐selection process. I characterize two different types of equilibria: a closed‐economy equilibrium without trade and a free trade equilibrium. Then, I investigate the impact of free trade, in the presence of training costs, on the skill distribution within each country, income disparity, and social welfare. JEL classification: D63, F10, J31     

International finance in general equilibrium

Our purpose in this paper is to unify international trade and finance in a single general equilibrium model. Our model is rich enough to include multiple commodities (including traded and nontraded goods), heterogeneous consumers in each country, multiple time periods, multiple credit markets, and multiple currencies. Yet our model is simple enough to be effectively computable. We explicitly calculate the financial and real effects of changes in tariffs, productivity, and preferences, as well as the effects of monetary and fiscal policy.We maintain agent optimization, rational expectations, and market clearing (i.e. perfect competition with flexible prices) throughout. But because of the important role money plays, and because of the heterogeneity of markets and agents, we find that fiscal and monetary policy both have real effects. The effects of policy on real income, long-term interest rates, and exchange rates are qualitatively identical to those suggested in Mundell-Fleming (without the small country hypothesis), although our equilibrating mechanisms are different. However, because the Mundell-Fleming model ignores expectations and relative price changes, our model predicts different effects on the flow of capital, the balance of trade, and real exchange rates in some circumstances.     

外贸与我国经济增长关系的计量分析

文章论述了传统的对外贸与经济增长关系的测算方法存在的缺陷,建立了新的模型,测算了我国出口对经济增长的直接效应和间接效应,从而对我国外贸在我国经济发展中的地位、作用和贡献做出一个较客观的测量和评价。     

Country and industry-level determinants of vertical specialization-based trade

Abstract

This paper investigates country and industry-level determinants of vertical specialization-based trade. Industries that engage in this pattern of trade are identified through their use of offshore assembly provisions in the US tariff code. Findings explain why industries engage in vertical specialization-based trade and shed light on factors that enter production location decisions. Identifying factors that encourage vertical specialization-based production and trade will enhance our understanding of industry strategy and how trade patterns will evolve as the process of globalization continues. Results suggest vertical specialization-based trade will continue to grow relative to total trade.     

Issue Linking in Trade Negotiations: Ricardo Revisited or No Pain No Gain*

There has been much discussion about what issues should be included in international “trade” negotiations. Different countries, firms, and activist groups have quite different views regarding which items should (or should not) be negotiated together. Proposals run the gamut from no linking to linking trade with investment, the environment, labor, and human rights codes. This paper provides a formal framework for analyzing this question. It employs a two‐country, two‐issue bargaining model and contrasts outcomes when issues are negotiated separately and when they are linked in some form. A key concept is “comparative interest,” analogous to Ricardian comparative advantage. We provide general results and note, in particular, where a country can benefit by agreeing to include an agenda item for which, when viewed by itself, the country does not receive a positive payoff. We also provide an application of our analysis to negotiations on trade liberalization and environmental protection.     

Varying Political Economy Weights of Protection: The Case of Colombia

In this paper, we examine trade policy determinants and trade reform in a developing country setting using a political economy model. The government determines tariffs by balancing the political support from producers vs. consumers, while placing a higher political weight on producers’ welfare relative to average citizens. We then expand the model in several directions to guide our subsequent estimations at the three‐digit industry level for Colombia between 1983 and 1998. We account for import substitution motives for protection but describe how the government's move away from these policies leads to unilateral trade liberalization. We innovatively allow the political weights to vary based on key industry variables beyond a common denominator. The sectors with higher employment, labor cost, and preferential trade agreement (PTA) import shares receive a larger political weight compared to otherwise similar sectors. The novelty of our approach is estimating the effect of sectoral characteristics on protection filtered through the political weights. We obtain more realistic estimates for these weights and provide some evidence for a slowing down effect of PTAs on trade liberalization.