我国宏观经济波动中的随机冲击效应:经验事实与理论解读

本文首先利用一个施加长期约束的SVAR框架,考察了供给、需求与货币冲击对我国产出、通货膨胀影响的经验事实。结果显示,需求冲击对产出和通货膨胀均存在较大影响力,供给冲击偏重于影响产出,货币冲击则偏重于通货膨胀。随后,基于动态随机一般均衡理论框架,引入技术、偏好等七种典型的外生随机冲击,详细刻画随机冲击对我国宏观经济的影响机制,其脉冲模拟结果与SVAR经验事实基本一致。DSGE方差分解进一步显示,在多数年份,供给需求冲击与财政政策冲击能够解释大部分产出波动,供需、财政货币政策等随机冲击对通货膨胀波动的解释比例较为均衡。近期,受经济转型以及政策转向的影响,以消费、投资为代表的需求冲击构成我国当前宏观经济波动的最主要因素。     

货币冲击与中国经济波动——基于DSGE模型的数量分析

基于1993~2008年的季度数据,本文在一个包含Calvo价格粘性的新凯恩斯主义模型中,讨论了中国货币冲击与经济增长的关系。在假定货币政策通过调整货币供给增长实施的前提下,本文根据模型模拟和实际数据的对比以及脉冲响应函数分析得出以下结论:(1)货币并非我国经济波动根源,实际产出对货币供给具有一定反馈作用。(2)通货膨胀的顺周期性和领先增长表明中国经济周期存在总需求拉动的特性。物价波动在中短期主要由货币供应量波动引起。(3)货币政策对实体经济有效但效果有限,货币供给变动对投资的作用效力更大,对消费需求刺激有限。     

经济波动同步性、需求冲击与供给冲击——来自海湾国家的实证分析

本文运用结构向量自回归模型,将海湾六国产出的同步波动性和遭受冲击的对称性联系起来。研究发现,1977-2006年间海湾六国遭受需求冲击的对称程度要高于供给冲击,对称性的需求冲击对维持六国经济周期的同步性既显著又重要,而供给冲击的对称性对维持六国经济周期的同步性几乎没有作用;另外,本文没有发现供给和需求冲击的对称性对经济周期的同步波动有滞后影响。本文实证研究的结果对于海湾六国未来单一货币的汇率制度选择具有重要的参考意义。     

随机货币冲击下的中国经济波动研究——基于RBC模型

中国居民消费存在明显的现金先行约束.在真实经济周期(RBC)模型中通过现金先行约束引入货币冲击符合中国经济运行特征.笔者在真实经济周期理论框架内分析了外生货币冲击对中国经济波动产生的影响.研究表明,货币发行冲击主要影响消费、投资和通胀率的波动,而其他主要经济变量(产出、就业等)的波幅基本不变.     

供求冲击与中国的产业波动

甄别供给与需求冲击在我国各次产业波动中的地位和作用,是有效制定宏观管理政策,特别是产业政策的重要前提条件.本文借鉴修正后的两变量SVAR模型对我国各次产业波动中的供求冲击进行了分析.蛄果发现,供给冲击比需求冲击在我国各次产业产出波动的形成中发挥着更为重要的作用,这在第二产业中体现得最为明显,其次是第三产业,最后是第一产业;在第一产业中,供给冲击对价格水平波动的影响更大,而在第二、第三产业中,需求冲击比供给冲击具有更高的相对方差贡献率.     

中国货币供给路径与经济波动轨迹——现金先行模型与校准分析

我国货币经济的数据特征表明,货币供给路径与宏观经济的波动轨迹之间存在着极大的相似性。本文基于现金先行模型方法,将货币因素纳入到真实经济周期模型中来进行考察,并对差分方程系统中的参数与变量稳态值进行校准,通过数值模拟得到模型经济数据。将模型经济数据与实际经济数据进行比对发现,模型经济能较好地解释了实际经济的波动情况,对产出波动的解释达到80.5%。通过脉冲响应分析发现,我国货币政策不仅对产出等实际变量存在影响,而且对通货膨胀率、名义利率等名义变量的影响更大,货币具有偏向中性的特点。     

论实际经济周期理论的演进、含义与作用

实际经济周期理论属于西方经济学中的经济自由流派。它突破了货币周期理论,把来自供给方面的技术冲击等意外真实冲击看做是经济波动的根源;认为经济波动不是对长期经济增长趋势的偏离,否定把宏观经济分为长期和短期的观点;坚持货币中性主张;反对政府的干预政策。它以正统的微观经济理论来说明宏观经济波动,改变了人们对经济周期的波动原因的理解,超越了货币主义和新古典宏观经济学,是20世纪80年代以来新自由主义经济学的重大发展。     

银行信贷与中国经济波动:1993-2005

基于1993—2005年的季度数据,本文在一个包含银行部门的动态随机一般均衡模型中,讨论了银行信贷和中国经济波动的关系。模拟结果和实际数据的对比表明,引入银行贷款渠道和价格粘性的经济周期模型对中国经济波动有很好的解释力。脉冲响应和方差分解的结果表明:(1)技术冲击解释了大部分产出、投资以及长期消费的波动;(2)信贷冲击解释了大部分短期消费、贷款以及货币余额的波动,对产出、投资的波动有一定解释力;(3)货币需求冲击影响不显著,仅对通货膨胀、贷款以及货币余额波动有一定的解释力;(4)货币政策冲击解释了通货膨胀的大部分波动。     

我国经济增长和通货膨胀对货币供给冲击的反应研究

本文在VAR模型的基础上,运用Granger因果检验、脉冲响应函数和方差分解等方法考察了我国货币供给冲击对经济增长和通货膨胀的影响.研究表明:正向货币供给冲击对经济增长和通货膨胀均无效;负向货币供给冲击可以在不影响经济增长的情况下有效缓解通货膨胀压力;我国存在“通货膨胀螺旋”效应.     

我国供给和需求冲击的区域差异效应研究——基于结构VAR的分析

本文根据Blanchard and Quah发展的结构VAR技术,将影响中国沿海和内陆地区实际GDP与通货膨胀率的冲击分解为供给和需求冲击。估算结果发现,沿海和内陆地区供给冲击的同步性较高但呈下降趋势,需求冲击的同步性弱于供给冲击,不过呈提高趋势,但由于区域协调而降低了其短期内的同步性。根据累积脉冲响应函数和预测误差方差分解结果,实际GDP和价格水平波动的绝大部分分别来自于供给和需求冲击,需求层面的区域协调对缩小区域差距无济于事,反而引致内陆地区的价格波动。各地区对供给和需求冲击反应的差异,使得在宏观调控和区域协调方面产生效率和区域平等、需求管理型宏观政策有效性和区域平等的两难困境。破解之道在于从影响区域反应差异的因素入手,提高内陆地区实际产出对内陆地区正向供给、需求冲击的反应强度和降低沿海需求冲击对内陆地区的负效应。     

Macroeconomic dynamics in Macedonia and Slovakia: Structural estimation and comparison

This paper estimates a structural macroeconomic model using data for Macedonia and Slovakia to characterize possible challenges Macedonia can face concerning macroeconomic stabilization during its transition process. A comparison of the estimated model parameters suggests that, in Slovakia, the output gap is less sensitive to real interest rate movements and prices experience greater inertia. The estimated monetary policy reaction functions show Macedonia and Slovakia as inflation targeters, with Macedonia as the more conservative one, despite its officially applied exchange rate targeting regime. The differences in the estimated parameters imply differing transmission mechanisms for Macedonia and Slovakia. Consequently, the variance of domestic variables in Slovakia is most influenced by monetary policy shocks, while there is no single dominating shock explaining the volatility of Macedonia's macroeconomic variables. The exchange rate shock, the monetary policy shock and the demand shock are jointly important in determining the volatility of Macedonia's variables. The model simulations indicate that Macedonia experiences lower output gap and inflation volatility than Slovakia. This comes, nevertheless, at the cost of higher interest rate and real exchange rate volatility in Macedonia, which could be an indication of more volatile financial markets with possible negative implications for financial stability.     

Output volatility in Australia

A number of papers have documented a significant decline in real GDP volatility in several major OECD economies. Some authors have presented evidence to suggest that this is the outcome of a one-off structural break from a high to low volatility state whilst others have estimated regime switching models that indicate low volatility regime states have dominated in recent years. This article provides further evidence on the general properties of output volatility for Australia, including evidence of a significant moderation in output volatility for the country that occurred in the early 1980s. Estimates of various GARCH models of real GDP growth are also provided to further examine shorter term volatility features of the Australian economy that are associated with its business-cycle. A regime shift dummy is maintained in all models of the conditional variance in order to account for the regime shift in volatility and evidence is found of significant business-cycle effects, including leverage effects and asymmetries that suggest recessions are times of higher output volatility than economic expansions. Overall, it is concluded that the so-called ‘Great Moderation’ in macroeconomic instability, as documented here for Australia, is a result of a myriad of economic, institutional and policymaking changes.     

CROSS-COUNTRY EVIDENCE ON OUTPUT GROWTH VOLATILITY: NONSTATIONARY VARIANCE AND GARCH MODELS

This paper revisits the issue of conditional volatility in real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates for Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Previous studies find high persistence in the volatility. This paper shows that this finding largely reflects a nonstationary variance. Output growth in the six countries became noticeably less volatile over the past few decades. In this paper, we employ the modified iterated cumulative sum of squares (ICSS) algorithm to detect structural change in the variance of output growth. One structural break exists in each of the six countries after identifying outliers and mean shifts in the growth rates. We then use generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) specifications, modeling output growth and its volatility with and without the break in volatility. The evidence shows that the time-varying variance falls sharply in Canada and Japan, and disappears entirely in Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States, once we incorporate the break in the variance equation of output for the six countries. That is, the integrated GARCH (IGARCH) effect proves spurious and the GARCH model demonstrates misspecification, if researchers neglect a nonstationary variance. Moreover, we also consider the possible effects of our more correct measure of output volatility on output growth as well as the reverse effect of output growth on its volatility. The conditional standard deviation possesses no statistical significance in all countries, except a significant negative effect in Japan. The lagged growth rate of output produces significant negative and positive effects on the conditional variances in Germany and Japan, respectively. No significant effects exist in Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States.     

Foreign interest rate shocks and exchange rate regimes in East Asia

Using a theoretical dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model and an empirical panel vector autoregression, we assess the transmission of foreign real interest rate shocks on the volatility of various key macroeconomic variables in nine small open economies in East Asia taking into account the role of exchange rate regimes. Both the theoretical and empirical findings confirm the hypothesis that flexible exchange rate may work as a shock absorber when the economy is hit by foreign real interest rate shocks. The findings suggest a clear trade-off between the volatility of real exchange rate and real output to foreign interest rate shocks, both the US and G7 real interest rates, where the responses of real output are mitigated in countries that have more flexible exchange rate regime.     

Does monetary policy affect the long-run expectations of non-stationary real interest rates?

In this article, we analyse whether the monetary policy affects the long-run expectation of the non-stationary real interest rate. The analysis is conducted through Beveridge–Nelson trend decomposition within a cointegrated vector autoregressive model based on the New Keynesian framework. We suggest an augmented test of the conventional co-integration test on the non-stationarity of the real interest rate, which checks whether the co-integration coefficient of inflation is one and the output gap affects the co-integration equilibrium of the nominal interest rate. We further suggest decomposing the long-run expectation of the non-stationary real interest rate into three trends: the interest rate shock (including the monetary shock), inflation shock and output gap shock. According to empirical analyses using monthly US data after the Korean War, the long-run expectation of the non-stationary real interest rate contains an interest rate shock trend and the impulse of the federal fund target rate induces a significant response of the interest rate shock trend. However, the interest rate shock trend has a very small portion of the long-run expectation of the non-stationary real interest rate, which may explain why the monetary policy was not particularly effective in the economic recovery after the global financial crisis.     

中国的“三元悖论”政策目标组合选择及其影响

本文构建了"三元悖论"政策目标指数,并探讨了中国的宏观经济管理策略对经济稳定性的影响。研究发现,中国以汇率高度稳定作为首要目标,并追求适度的货币政策独立性,而谨慎追求金融开放,并积累了巨额外汇储备。这种策略的影响包括:(1)较高的货币政策独立性对降低产出波动率有积极作用,因持有外汇储备的间接影响使得汇率高度稳定政策也显著降低了产出波动率,金融开放同样也起到了降低产出波动率的作用;(2)积累巨额外汇储备与追求汇率高度稳定政策间的交互影响使得汇率稳定成为维持物价稳定的消极因素,货币政策独立性将降低国内通货膨胀波动率而积累过多的外汇储备却恶化这种影响,金融开放将增加物价波动性。文章凸显出过度追求人民币名义汇率稳定的弊端。     

Australian Economic Growth: Nonlinearities and International Influences

This paper considers the extent to which fluctuations in Australian economic growth are affected by domestic and overseas economic performance. We investigate the performance of a range of nonlinear models versus linear models, comparing the models using Bayes factors and posterior odds ratios. The posterior odds ratios favour nonlinear specifications in which fluctuations in economic activity in the US affect Australia's economic performance. Our results suggest that an exogenous negative shock will be more persistent, lead to greater output volatility, and have a greater impact on growth, than a positive shock of equal magnitude.     

The link between economic growth and growth volatility

This paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and growth volatility through simultaneous equations system. By employing the identification through heteroskedasticity method of Rigobon (Rev Econ Stat 85:777–792, 2003) and using a panel of 158 countries over the period 1960–2010, we find that output volatility is detrimental to economic growth, suggesting that stabilization policies to mitigate short-run economic fluctuations contribute to long-run economic growth. And economic growth accelerates output variability, supporting the feedback effects from growth to the volatility. The evidence is robust to a number of sensitivity tests.     

Entrepreneurship and economic development in China: evidence from a time-varying parameters stochastic volatility vector autoregressive model

This paper investigates the impact of entrepreneurship on economic development in China for the period 1999–2013 using a time-varying parameters stochastic volatility vector autoregressive model. Our results suggest a positive relation between entrepreneurship and subsequent growth of industrial output and employment. Furthermore, the positive effect of entrepreneurship shock peaks in a lag of 5 quarters on industrial output and in a lag of 10 quarters in employment.     

Cyclical wage movements in emerging markets compared to developed economies: The role of interest rates

This paper documents that, at the aggregate level, (i) real wages are positively correlated with output and, on average, lag output by about one quarter in emerging markets, while there are no systematic patterns in developed economies, and (ii) real wage volatility (relative to output volatility) is about twice as high in emerging markets compared with developed economies. We then present a small open economy model with productivity shocks and countercyclical interest rates. The model incorporates a working capital requirement and the Jaimovich and Rebelo (2009) preference that allows for flexible parameterization of the strength of income effects on labor supply. The model can account for the high volatility of wage and consumption relative to output and countercyclical trade balances that characterize emerging-market economies. During economic downturns, rising interest rates in emerging markets induce relatively large income effects on labor supply, so households would not reduce their labor input as much even though wages drop significantly.