国家审计起源历史新探

鉴于目前学术界对于审计起源的研究观点各异,笔者从审计的定义出发提炼审计相关要素,然后通过考察审计各个要素的起源发展来分析中国古代审计的发展历程。本文指出审计的要素在历史发展过程中是逐渐出现的,并在春秋战国时期发展齐备,上计制度的出现表明国家审计制度已具完形。     

国家审计起源历史新探

鉴于目前学术界对于审计起源的研究观点各异,笔者从审计的定义出发提炼审计相关要素。然后通过考察审计各个要素的起源发展来分析中国古代审计的发展历程。本文指出审计的要素在历史发展过程中是逐渐出现的,并在春秋战国时期发展齐备,上计制度的出现表明国家审计制度已具完形。     

浅议审计证据、审计依据和审计准则

<正>审计证据、审计依据和审计准则是最终形成审计工作结论和意见的重要基础。因此,在整个社会环境的不断变化中,审计理论界的学者和专家们也在不断探索这些作为审计工作框架有力支撑的、与时俱进的问题。审计证据、审计依据和审计准则这三个概念之间有怎样的     

审计信息化与审计组织方式

审计信息化对审计组织方式产生的触动,包括对审计机构调整的需求和对审计项目组织方式改革的需求。变革的阻力既来自政府执政能力考核标准、操作过程的缺失,也来自改革与本部门利益的冲突,还受到外部对审计职业的期待和内部考核导向的制约。囿于阻力,满足审计组织方式变革需求的方法似乎应当遵循改良、渐进的思路,在需要和可能之间寻求适度妥协,以足够的耐心,等待酝酿中的突破和外部环境的演变。     

企业内部审计外部审计异同探讨

在实际工作中,企业的内部审计及外部审计都是企业运营非常重要的环节,因为两者的审计依据、审计目的有极高的相似性,如果企业领导不懂财务或审计,很可能无法区分开两者的异同,甚至有的企业把内审业务外包化,本文希望通过自己做过外审及内审的经验能帮助到愿意投身到内审岗位的审计人。     

对内部审计中价格审计的探讨

价格审计就是以价格及其价格构成要素为对象,以促进企业实现价格最大化为目标的经济效益审计。其审计依据具有多样性、变动性和个别性的特点。通过价格审计可以完善内部控制,提高企业经济效益,有效遏制不正之风,防止企业利益流失。当前,开展价格审计存在诸多问题和困难,当务之急是要提高对价格审计的认识,此外,还要建立严格的价格审计制度,并把握好价格审计的比价关、自审关、结算关。     

创新审计项目组织方式提高审计工作质量效率

本文结合近年来审计工作实践及思考,在阐述传统审计项目组织方式弊端的基础上,积极探索创新审计项目组织方式,以提高审计项目质量效率.     

浅谈基层审计机关优化审计项目审计组织方式的建议

推进审计项目统筹、审计组织方式统筹,是党中央和国务院对审计机关的新要求,也是优化审计资源配置,大力推进审计全覆盖,更好发挥审计监督作用的新途径。本文就审计项目审计组织方式管理现状、问题,提出几点优化建议。     

管理审计在铁路内部审计中的应用

现代企业的内部审计,应着眼于审计和评价企业管理的有效性,其根本目的是改善经营管理,提高经济效益     

第二讲 工会审计依据、审计证据及审计工作底稿

一、工会审计依据(一)审计依据是审计人员在审计过程中用来衡量、评价被审计事项的真实、合法、效益的具体标准,是提出审计意见、做出审计评价、得出审计结论的根据。主要包括:1《.工会法》及国家相关法律、法规、政策;2.全国总工会有关制度、规定及上级工会、产业工会等制定的工作目标和下达的经济指标、通知、指示、会议文件等;3.被审单位内部制定的规章制度等。(二)审计依据的运用受时间限制,不能以现行的规定衡量过去,也不能以失效的制度评价现在。二、工会审计证据(一)审计证据审计证据是审计人员通过各种方法,获取足以证明审计事项真…     

审计绩效、审计治理结构与对政府审计制度效率的比较因素分析

审计绩效的提高是以一定的审计制度环境为条件的。本文以新制度学派的组织理论为依据,从审计组织领域的视角探讨了审计绩效、审计治理结构的涵义及其二者之间的关系,明确了完善的审计制度体系、并且得到审计以及相关组织有效的遵循,是提高审计绩效的基本制度条件。在此基础上,提出了对审计制度效率进行测评的一种经验研究的方法,并运用此方法对我国审计行政管理体制的制度效率进行了比较因素分析,提出了我国提高审计绩效的政策建议。     

Responsiveness of Auditors to the Audit Risk Standards: Unique Evidence from Big 4 Audit Firms

We examine the effect of changes in audit risk standards on the conduct of financial statement audits in a European setting. We investigate this by analysing the audit hours and audit fees for clients of Big 4 audit firms in Finland in 1996 and 2010. Our results show that audit firms became more sensitive to clients’ business risk due to the introduction of the new audit risk standards, with more audit hours allocated to owner-managed companies in 2010 than in 1996, and fewer audit hours allocated to low-risk clients in 2010 than in 1996. Also, the labour mix in the audit team changed for owner-managed companies, with a greater work load carried by junior auditors in 2010 than in 1996. Regarding the price of audit, we find an increase in audit fees for clients with high business risk, while audit fees remained at roughly the same level for low-risk clients. These findings should be of interest to the auditing profession and those involved in the development of auditing regulations.     

审计取证的思维流程与思维要素研究

审计思想方法是从事审计实践活动不可或缺的重要工具,因此研究审计思想方法具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。审计取证作为审计工作中的重要一环,直接决定审计质量,关乎国家审计的免疫系统功能发挥,最终影响国家审计服务于国家治理的效用程度。基于此,本文以审计取证为研究对象,运用文献研究、访谈和归纳演绎等方法,在深入分析审计证据要满足条件的基础上,提出了审计取证的思维五步:合理怀疑——发现问题——证实问题——力求达成共识——解决问题。同时从肯定性取证、中性取证和否定性取证入手,深入分析了行为、结果、现象、主客观、主客体、原因、影响和责任主体等思维要素。旨在通过本研究,进一步丰富审计相关理论,并为审计人员改善思维方式提供一定参考。     

计算机审计在政府审计中应用与建设

“财政资金运用到哪,审计就跟踪到哪”,作为财政资金审计的机关,政府审计面临无边界困境,随着计算机和网络技术的发展,政府审计无边界困境进一步加剧.为了应对这一困境,计算机审计作为解决政府审计效率的重要手段已在政府审计中全面推广.如何建设计算机审计,使计算机审计真正在促进传统审计向现代审计转变、解决审计无边界困境中发挥积极作用,是各级政府审计机关和广大审计人员当前面临的一个重要的理论和实践问题.     

The Effects of Key Audit Matters on the Auditor’s Report’s Communicative Value: Experimental Evidence from Investment Professionals and Non-professional Investors

Abstract

We investigate the effect of key audit matters (KAM) in the auditor’s report as required by the new ISA 701. We consider investment professionals and non-professional investors in our experiments, in which we test the communicative value of a KAM section relating to goodwill impairment. Our main results show that in the condition in which the KAM section suggests that already small changes in the key assumptions could eventually lead to a goodwill impairment (KAM negative condition), investment professionals assess the economic situation of the company to be significantly better as compared to the condition in which the KAM section suggests that only large changes in the key assumptions could eventually lead to a goodwill impairment (KAM positive condition). In the additional analysis with non-professional investors, we find that a KAM section has no communicative value, implying that non-professional investors have difficulties with processing the information conveyed with KAM.     

The Effect of Corporate Status on External Audit Fees: Evidence From the UK

Abstract:  This paper simultaneously examines, for the first time, the determinants of external audit fees of UK companies drawn from the quoted sector (Main Market, the Alternative Investment Market and Ofex), and the unquoted sector (public and private limited companies). The paper also provides new evidence on the effects of corporate failure and the persistence of the big four and mid-tier auditor premiums across the public and private corporate sectors. After controlling for firm size, audit risk and complexity, we find that quoted and unquoted public limited companies have significantly higher audit fees than their private limited counterparts. Our estimates imply that relative premiums for market/corporate form are as follows: Main Market over AIM, 6.8%; AIM over Ofex, 19.5%; Ofex over unquoted plc, 15.5%; and unquoted plc over private, 16.7%. However, despite indications in prior US research to the contrary, we find no evidence that insolvent firms that failed were charged higher audit fees in the year preceding failure. A positive relationship is also found between audit and consultancy fees – a result that persists using an instrumental variables approach to control for endogeneity.     

美国联邦儿童医疗保险制度审计:分析与借鉴

本文介绍了美国审计署(Government Accountability Ofice,GAO)和美国卫生部对联邦儿童医疗保险制度执行效果的审计监督情况。并以此为切入点,分析了美国公共政策审计的三个鲜明特点:以立法模式保障审计程序的规范、定量为主体现审计方法的科学性、以需求为导向引致的审计形式多样化。借鉴美国公共政策审计实践的经验,作者提出了我国开展公共政策审计的一系列建议,包括将公共政策审计纳入国家审计发展规划,推动公共政策审计的制度化;完善法律保障,建立监督架构,加强理论引导,推动公共政策审计的规范化;以风险控制为导向,完善审计方法,把握审计时机,加强政策跟踪,坚持谨慎原则,推动公共政策审计的科学化。     

转移支付审计探讨

转移支付是我国财政制度的重要组成部分,开展转移支付审计具有重要的现实意义。本文分析了我国财政转移支付的发展概况及其特点,认为转移支付审计应向绩效审计方向转变。本文围绕三性目标,对实现转移支付审计向绩效审计方向的转变进行了探讨。     

Auditor's Engagement Risk and Audit Fees: The Role of Audit Firm Alumni

Abstract:  This study explores the effect of the association of audit firm alumni with their alma mater on audit prices. The tests indicate that there is a moderate reduction of up to 21% in the level of audit fee when alumni (i.e., former employees) of the incumbent audit firm sit on the client board of directors which is consistent with the engagement risk theory. This suggests that there is an 'alumni effect' in the market for audit services. The findings hold only in the large company segment of the market. The results are robust to different model specifications and alternative samples. The sample comprises all executive and non-executive directors who run the UK quoted companies and are simultaneously ICAEW qualified chartered accountants. The study's implications for the accounting profession and the regulators are also discussed.     

Performance Audit Scope and the Independence of the Australian Commonwealth Auditor-General

The introduction of performance auditing through the 1979 Australian Audit Act amendments continues to challenge the Australian Commonwealth Auditor-General's independence. By international consensus, performance auditing includes effectiveness issues. In contrast, the Australian amendments omit reference to 'effectiveness' issues and do not define 'efficiency' audit. Interpretation of these omissions varies. The Australian National Audit Office sees no prohibition on including effectiveness audit. But successive governments have attempted to curb the CAG's independence by excluding effectiveness auditing as a forbidden intrusion into policy areas; an exclusion that the ANAO rejects in relation to audit of effectiveness at operational levels. This study investigates the practical effect of these conflicts on performance audit scope. The results show that the ANAO consistently goes beyond audit of economy and efficiency to make substantive recommendations on effectiveness issues.