Firm Size and Wages in Germany – Trends and Impacts of Mobility

The analysis of firm-size wage differentials in Germany, using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, firstly corroborates the finding that wages rise with firm-size and shows that the rank order of mean wages between firm-size classes is stable for the period 1984–1993. Secondly, the most important novel results are as follows: (i) wage differentials between firm-size classes increased during the period investigated after controlling for individual attributes and computing with deflated values; (ii) average levels of the qualification of employees have diverged noticeably between small and large firms; (iii) movers from small to larger firms have to accept wages below the average pay of incumbents with comparable attributes in the new firms: (iv) movers to smaller firms, however, retain a portion of their higher wages in larger firms; and (v) wage differentials between smaller and larger firms decline with increasing unemployment.     

Search,Concave Production,and Optimal Firm Size

This paper demonstrates that in a free entry search and bargaining economy with concave production firms over-employ. Bargaining allows the worker's wage to depend upon marginal productivity. As such, with strictly concave production, the wage declines as firms employ more labor. Firms react to this declining wage function by choosing an inefficiently large number of workers. However, in equilibrium, fewer firms are likely to enter causing aggregate employment and vacancies to fall.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: J30, J41, J50.     

The Role of Selective Job Search in UK Unemployment

Selective search where unemployed job losers confine their job seeking efforts to matches in the pre-separation sector has attracted consid erable attention as a possible source of high and persistent unemployment. However, this idea is questionable. Those opting for selection may do so because this strategy is more effective at gener ating an acceptable offer. Using UK microdata I find evidence in support of the latter view. Selective searchers cannot account for the persistence of high unemployment since the early 1980s     

Efficiency Wages and the Regulated Firm

This paper develops empirical tests of "efficiency-wage" hypotheses and applies these tests to data on a regulated firm. According to efficiency-wage theory, wage levels positively affect employee performance and, moreover, cost minimization requires that employers pay a wage premium above the supply price of labor. To explore these issues, we use company-level data to estimate production and quit functions that allow for efficiency-wage effects. Our empirical results support efficiency-wage theory: payment of a wage premium reduces the firm's quit rate, raises labor productivity, and lowers operating costs. These findings call into question the regulatory practice of disallowing labor expenses when the regulated firm's wage levels exceed market averages.     

动态能力、企业规模与双元创新关系研究——基于fsQCA方法的实证分析

对186家企业问卷数据进行模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA),探寻3种类型动态能力和企业规模等因素对双元创新的组合效应以及不同因素之间的互动关系。研究发现,分别存在两种等效路径支撑中国企业实现探索式创新和利用式创新;吸收能力作为核心条件存在,联合不同水平的机会识别、资源拼凑和企业规模,大大提高企业实现双元创新的可能性;此外,资源拼凑兼具探索性和利用性双重特征,联合机会识别促进双元创新,其中,资源丰裕的大规模企业更具优势。采用QCA构型研究方法,推动了企业创新行为选择的因果逻辑性研究,从单维视角向多维交互的整体视角转变,明确了各种类型动态能力与双元创新之间的关系以及不同能力间的依赖/替代关系。     

房价上涨对企业规模分布的影响研究

企业规模分布不仅可以反映某一产业的竞争状况和发展模式,还会对一国经济增长产生重要影响,如企业规模分布 、创新与全要素生产率等.文章以1999-2007年中国房价快速上涨为背景,利用工业企业微观数据,实证考察了省级层面房价上涨对企业规模分布的影响.研究结果显示:总体来看,房价上涨更不利于中小企业成长,并使企业规模分布进一步趋于不均匀.中介效应模型的进一步研究显示:成本效应 、信贷效应和挤出效应是房价上涨影响企业规模分布的三条作用路径.文章的研究不仅对企业规模分布理论研究形成了有益补充,也为认识房价上涨对实体经济的影响提供了新的视角,更为政府制定政策以减缓房价上涨对实体经济的冲击提供了科学依据.     

An Empirical Equilibrium Job Search Model With Search on the Job and Heterogeneous Workers and Firms

In this article we present and estimate a synthesis of previous equilibrium search models, allowing for continuous distributions of workers' opportunity costs of employment as well as firms' productivities. The model allows for on-the-job search, and we assume that job offer arrival rates for workers are independent of their labor-market state. We derive the theoretical implications of these assumptions, we provide simulations, and we develop a semiparametric estimation procedure that we apply to a dataset of individual labor-market histories.     

The Size of the Firm and Social Division of Labour

This paper develops a formal model with transaction costs and economies of specialisation to address the size of the firm and the level of social division of labour. It is shown that the increase of the level of social division of labour and the decline of firm size may concur, and that the size of the firm crucially depends on, among other things, the relative transaction efficiency of the labour market with that of the markets for intermediate products.     

The Impact of Children on Wages, Job Tenure, and the Division of Household Labour

In the absence of typical exclusion restrictions, covariance restrictions are used to obtain estimates of the effects of children on household behaviour. Using data from the PSID on two age samples, children are found to have a significant impact on many household decisions. However, while in the young sample exogenous fertility cannot be rejected, in the older sample this is not the case. Finally, if the average household had one less child, the male-female wage differential would decrease by 9.5 %.     

The Effectiveness of Indigenous Job Search Strategies

This analysis uses the only existing large-scale longitudinal survey of Indigenous Australians to examine the effects of job search behaviour over an 18-month period starting from March 1996. Job search methods were not generally related to the probability of finding and retaining employment when a range of other personal and regional factors are taken into account. Search intensity (as measured by the number of jobs applied for) had a significant effect on the prospect of finding employment, but was unrelated to the probability of job retention.     

Wages and the Size of Firms in Dynamic Matching Models

This paper studies the joint distribution of wages and employment levels in simple matching models of job creation and destruction with costly search and firm-specific labor demand shocks. Existing evidence on the relationship between employer size, the mean and variance of employees' wages, and the character of gross job creation and destruction by continuing firms is broadly consistent with decreasing returns in firm-level production and hiring technologies. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: J31, J63.     

临时性就业对劳动者工资收入的影响

如何利用临时性就业保持劳动力市场弹性的同时保持就业稳定具有重要意义,文章运用2007年中国家庭收入调查数据(CHIP),实证研究了临时性就业对我国劳动者工资收入的影响,并分析了其内在作用机制.研究发现:(1)在控制相关的个体特征及其所在企业特征、行业特征和城市特征后,临时性就业会使得个体的小时平均工资收入显著减少约18.05%,且这一负向作用在考虑指标度量稳健性、户籍、不同年份数据及分行业子样本检验等情形下仍然稳健.(2)在控制样本选择性偏差和可观测控制变量影响后,本文的结论依然稳健,临时工与正式工之间仍存在无法解释的工资差异.(3)机制检验表明,人力资本积累和补偿性工资差异均可以解释临时性就业抑制劳动者工资收入的现象,具体表现为临时性就业会降低个体获得与工作技能有关的培训机会和培训时间,且仅特定行业的临时性就业者获得了补偿性工资.文章从就业期限差异的视角为政府部门改善劳动收入、提高就业质量和顺利实现产业转型升级提供了决策依据.     

工资、生产效率与企业出口——基于单位劳动力成本的分析

在劳动力供给下降、工资逐年上涨的背景下,生产效率提高的幅度超过工资上涨的幅度会导致单位劳动力成本的下降,这意味着制造业整体竞争力得以提升,从而可以激励工业企业更重视国内市场的开拓.文章综合工资和生产率因素,以单位劳动力成本衡量企业的竞争力,基于1998-2007年中国工业企业的面板数据,研究了单位劳动力成本对制造业企业出口密集度的影响.面板固定效应模型和Tobit模型的估计结果显示,单位劳动力成本对企业出口密集度存在显著的正向影响,即单位劳动力成本的下降会抑制企业出口,企业会降低出口密集度并增加产品在国内市场的份额.Heckman选择模型两步法也表明,单位劳动力成本对企业出口的集约边际和扩展边际均存在显著的正向影响,单位劳动力成本下降会导致企业减少出口倾向和出口密集度.     

Firm Size Distribution and Growth*

Abstract Empirical documentation of the sectoral distribution of firm size for a set of European countries reveals substantial differences. We study the relationship between productivity growth at the industry level and size structure. A positive and robust relation is found between average firm size and growth. We ask why size should matter for growth by considering the role of innovation to construct a test based on the differential effect of size on growth according to various indicators of R&D intensity. Our results indicate that larger size fosters productivity growth because it allows firms to take advantage of all the increasing returns associated with R&D. We argue that our test can be interpreted as a test of reverse causality, which lends support to the view that firm size has a causal impact on growth.     

企业规模研究的最新进展

学术界关于企业规模的研究文献大致可以归为四大类.第一类是关于企业规模分布的,主要讨论企业增长、规模以及最终的分布形式.第二类是关于企业规模报酬的,主要讨论企业的规模与其盈利性之间的关系.第三类是关于企业规模决定的,主要讨论企业规模(边界)的影响因素.第四类是关于企业规模极限的,主要讨论企业规模最大能有多大.本文集中讨论这四类文献在理论和经验方面的最新研究进展.     

Minimum Wages and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Vietnamese Manufacturing Firms

ABSTRACT

This paper empirically examines the minimum-wage impact on firm productivity. Using a detailed Vietnamese firm-level dataset from 2010 through 2015, the regression results suggest that firms raise their labor productivity, total factor productivity, capital intensity and revenue in response to increased minimum wage standards. Firms that pay their workers below the minimum wage react more positively in raising their labor productivity than high-wage firms. Minimum wages has had a more pronounced impact on firms’ labor productivity, total factor productivity and capital intensity since the uniform wage rate was introduced for both domestic private and foreign-invested enterprises in 2012.     

Trade and the Environment: The Role of Firm Heterogeneity

In this paper, we derive a new effect of trade liberalization on the quality of the environment. We show that in the presence of heterogeneous firms, the aggregate volume of emissions is influenced by a reallocation effect resulting from an increase in the relative size of more productive firms. The relative importance of this reallocation effect and the scale effect well‐known from the literature is affected by the emission intensity at the firm level. Domestic emissions decrease as a result of a unilateral tariff reduction if and only if firm‐specific emission intensity decreases strongly with increasing firm productivity. As a result of the induced change in foreign emissions, domestic pollution can increase even if domestic emissions decrease.     

The Effect of Emigration from Poland on Polish Wages

In this paper, we analyse the effect of emigration from Poland on Polish wages. Focusing on the 1998–2007 period for Poland, we use a unique dataset that contains information about household members who are currently living abroad, which allows us to develop region‐specific emigration rates and to estimate the effect of emigration on wages using within‐region variation. Our findings show that emigration led to a slight increase in wages for high‐ and medium‐skilled workers, which are the two groups with the largest relative outmigration rates. Workers at the low end of the skill distribution might have experienced wage decreases.     

企业规模与R&D投入关系的实证研究——基于沪市A股制造业上市公司的数据分析

以70家制造业上市公司为研究样本,对公司规模与R&D投入的关系进行了实证检验。研究结果表明,我国制造业上市公司R&D费用强度和R&D人员强度与企业规模都显著负相关,而R&D投入绝对额与企业规模显著正相关;我国制造业上市公司R&D费用强度平均达到了国际上公认的维持生存的水平(2%),但分布不均,低投入状况与高投入状况并存;但从R&D人员投入来看比较理想,大多数公司的R&D人员强度达到了发达国家10%的水平。 ?     

Association Between Discretionary Accruals and Audit Fees and the Role of the Size of the Audit Firm: European Evidence

International Advances in Economic Research - This study seeks to contribute to the analysis of discretionary accruals and audit fees in two pairs of European countries, Germany and France, and...