Gender Differences in Double Standards

The purpose of the present study is to investigate gender differences in the use of double standards in ethical judgements of questionable conduct instigated by business or consumers. We investigate if consumers are more critical towards unethical corporate versus consumer actions and if these double standards depend on the gender of the respondent. In the first study, we compared evaluations of four specific unethical actions [cfr. DePaulo, 1987, in: J. Saegert (ed.) Proceedings of the Division of Consumer Psychology (American Psychological Association, Washington DC)] instigated by either the consumer or the corporation. In a second study, we investigated the perception of some general consumer and corporate (un)ethical actions in addition to DePaulo’s unethical scenarios. Both researches show that females are less likely to use double standards when it comes to their own (un)ethical behaviour compared to corporate (un)ethical actions. Furthermore, gender differences in the use of double standards depend on the type of unethical behaviour. Limitations and suggestions for further research are discussed.     

Differences in Cross-Cultural Negotiation Behavior Between Manufacturers and Service-Oriented Firms

ABSTRACT

In this age or the global economy, Cross-Cultural negotiations is becoming an ever increasing important part of the management and marketing process for nearly every firm. In this study, we compare the cross-cultural negotiations behavior and differences in the perceived processes between manufacturers and service-oriented firms. We report significant differences between the two groups and provide analysis.     

Gender Differences in Information Search and Comparison Shopping

Abstract

In entering the market of Central and Eastern Europe, it is important for marketers to understand how certain aspects of consumer behavior differs across consumer segments so that they can appropriately segment, target and position their products. A study was conducted to evaluate differences between males and females across the countries of Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania in terms of their information search and comparison-shopping behavior. The study also advanced a conceptual model that explains the effect of nationality and gender differences on information search and comparison shopping.     

Explaining Gender Differences in Housework Time in Germany

This study evaluates couples’ time use behaviour with regard to housework in Germany with data from the 2001/2002 and 1991/1992 German Time Use Survey. Despite the fact that women reduced their hours worked within the household context over the past decades, the unequal division of housework between men and women still persists. This study aims both at analysing the determinants of the allocation of time spent on housework, as well as why gender differences in household time use behaviour still exist. With the aid of structural equation modelling, it is shown that the decrease in time spent on housework by women can largely be explained by changes in the effects that wages, household goods consumption and the aspiration for market goods consumption have on time spent on housework. Men’s time allocation behaviour has remained remarkably constant. It is also observed that women’s time allocation behaviour with regard to household work is becoming more similar to that of men.     

略论跨文化商务谈判差异及影响

在国际间商务交往活动日益频繁的今天,跨文化商务谈判中的文化差异和影响问题也日益凸显.为促进中国的跨文化商务谈判多获得成功,应注意跨文化商务谈判中的语言差异及其影响、思维差异及其影响、观念差异及其影响、谈判风格差异及其影响等问题,以在国际贸易中取得较大的主动权.     

A Moral Disengagement Investigation of How and When Supervisor Psychological Entitlement Instigates Abusive Supervision

Journal of Business Ethics - Building on the emerging research on antecedents of abusive supervision, the current research offers an empirical investigation concerning how and when supervisor...     

我国高龄老人健康状态的性别差异

分析了1996年195个国家和地区预期寿命性别差异的关系,用历次人口普查资料研究了我国老年人口和老年死亡人口的性别差异;用1998年全国高龄老人健康情况的抽样调查资料研究了高龄老人生活满意度、婚姻满意度、健康自我评估、身体疾病的性别差异;初步分析了男女健康差异的原因.     

我国高龄老人健康状态的性别差异

分析了1996年195个国家和地区预期寿命性别差异的关系,用历次人口普查资料研究了我国老年人口和老年死亡人口的性别差异;用“1998年全国高龄老人健康情况的抽样调查资料”研究了高龄老人生活满意度、婚姻满意度、健康自我评估、身体疾病的性别差异;初步分析了男女健康差异的原因。     

Volunteer Service as Symbolic Consumption: Gender and Occupational Differences in Volunteering

Volunteering is presented as part of the resource attraction function of nonprofit marketing, a type of helping behavior, and a form of symbolic consumption. From a sample of volunteers, findings show that male and non-working volunteers are more likely than female and working volunteers to spend more time on volunteering and to volunteer for more number of organizations. Females and working volunteers are significantly more empathetic than males and non-working volunteers. Male and female volunteers and working and nonworking volunteers are also differentiated in terms of their values. Managerial implications are discussed.     

Gender Differences in Managerial Careers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

This longitudinal study of mid-career managers compared the career progression of men and women during the 1990's. Unlike the subjects of many earlier studies, these men and women had similar education and experience profiles. Womens income changes were less than men's and reflected the greater financial strides and greater returns from promotions for men prior to 1995. The income gaps between men and women were explained by gender differences in career determinants, such as work hours, career interruptions, and having a nonemployed spouse. There was evidence of subtle forms of workplace discrimination against women in the past but not over the most recent four-year period. Women's family situations, however, continued to present obstacles to progression. In addition, a recent decline in women's priorities for promotion, a predictor of actual promotions, signalled an impending decrease in their rate of promotion relative to men's.     

Gender and Hedonic Usage Motive Differences in Social Media Site Usage Behavior

ABSTRACT

This study investigates how the user's gender and hedonic usage motive differences influence evaluation and usage of social media sites. This study develops and tests a conceptual model that captures the relationship among four social media site usage determining factors, social media involvement, satisfaction, and usage intention. The moderating role of two user characteristics on the social media site usage behavior is also empirically tested. Structural equation analysis results show significant moderating effects of gender and the hedonic usage motive of users on the evaluation and usage behavior of social media sites. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.     

Gender Differences in Service Quality Expectations in the Fast Food Industry

Abstract

Services marketers can influence the evaluation of service quality by “managing” customer expectations. Expectations can also provide insights into market segmentation strategies. Gender is often used as a segmentation variable since it is easily identifiable, accessible, and profitable. The purpose of this study was to examine if there are any gender-based differences in the expectations of service quality in the fast food industry. Hypotheses on gender differences in expectations were tested by an ANOVA, where the composite scores of each of the five dimensions of fast food service were used as dependent variables. The expectations of women were significantly higher than men in four of the five dimensions of fast food service quality.     

Gender Differences in Ethical Frameworks and Evaluation of Others' Choices in Ethical Dilemmas

This paper examines the relationship between gender and ethical decision models employed by managers. Subjects completed a survey that measured the extent to which they focused on actions or the outcomes of those actions in determining whether a behavior was ethical or not. The study also examined subjects' reactions to other managers' responses to ethical dilemmas. Results suggest that men and women do not differ in their underlying ethical models, that they do differ in the way in which they evaluate others in ethical situations, and that ethical predispositions play an important role in those evaluations.     

Gender Differences Among Managers and Nonmanagers: An Analysis of Assessment Data

Abstract This study examined gender differences among both middle- and lower-level managers, and among nonmanagers, in terms of abilities, social skills, values, needs, managerial aptitude, temperament, personality, and interests. Many significant gender differences were found, but these differences decreased as managerial level increased. The differences between male managers and female managers in general were more pronounced in temperament, personality, needs, and interests than in managerial aptitude, ability, and values. Greater differences were found between male and female nonmanagers than between male and female managers. Résumé La présente étude examine les différences entre les hommes et les femmes chez les cadres moyens et inférieurs et chez les non-cadres, du point de vue des caractéristiques suivantes: capacités, sociabilité, valeurs, besoins, aptitude à la gestion, tempérament, personnalité et intéréts. II ressort d'importantes différences entre les hommes et les femmes mais elles s'at-ténuent plus on gravit les échelons de la direction. En général, les différences entre les cadres hommes et les cadres femmes sont plus prononcées pour ce qui est du tempérament, de la personnalité, des besoins et des intérěts que pour l'aptitude à la gestion, les capacités et les valeurs. Par ailleurs, on note des différences plus marquées entre les hommes et les femmes non-cadres qu'entre les hommes et les femmes cadres.     

Gender Differences in Ethical Perceptions of Salespeople: An Empirical Examination in Turkey

Researchers on gender and ethical decision-making have recently emphasized the differences between men's and women's ethical perceptions. This study is concerned with the perceptions of salespeople working in clothing and medical equipment sectors in Turkey. It regards the perceptions of colleagues of opposing genders in ethically questionable situations. The evaluation of salespeople's responses for 14 ethical scenarios indicates that there is no significant difference in ethical perception based on gender. Each gender predicted that their counterpart's response would be the same as their own. The study also examined the effects of some demographic factors as well as the firm's sector on the salespeople's ethical perceptions and found that there are both differences and similarities in detail between genders of salespeople within ethically questionable situations.     

Justice and Fairness in Negotiation

In this special issue we display a variety of approaches to the study of justice. Articles from scholars working on questions involving justice and fairness in decision making exchanges calls attention to variety of research approaches, issue domains, cases and hypotheses used to explore these questions. All of the contributions emphasize analysis, using quantitative and qualitative methods including simulation-experiments, comparative case studies, statistical analyses and game theory. The articles in this collection reveal that justice and fairness concerns extend from the negotiation process to the outcome and into the implementation stage. They share the underlying expectation that individuals and groups gravitate toward fairness and justice in their exchanges with others. Therefore, a full understanding of group decision processes will be incomplete if justice and fairness issues are not considered alongside issues such as power distributions and alternatives to an agreement. The authors also suggest that outcomes built on justice and fairness principles will enhance the efficiency, stability and implementation of the negotiated agreements.     

农民工就业稳定性的收入效应及其性别差异

基于辽宁省农民工抽样调查数据,采用劳动合同签订和职业流动频次作为农民工就业稳定性的代理变量,对农民工就业稳定性的收入效应及其性别差异进行分析.OLS回归结果显示:是否签订劳动合同变量对农民工工资有正向显著的影响,但对男性农民工的影响更大;职业流动次数对农民工工资的影响呈现非线性关系,但是对男性和女性的影响存在差异.采用Treatment-effects模型校正变量选择性偏差问题,倾向得分值匹配法控制变量内生性问题之后,职业流动次数的估计结果与OLS吻合,是否签订劳动合同度量的就业稳定性对农民工工资有正向显著的影响,但对女性农民工工资的提升效果更大,与OLS结果不同.同时发现,参加过培训、有高层次社会网络、参加工会的农民工就业稳定的概率更高.     

Assessing Gender Differences in Computer Professionals’ Self-Regulatory Efficacy Concerning Information Privacy Practices

Concerns with improper collection and usage of personal information by businesses or governments have been seen as critical to the success of the emerging electronic commerce. In this regard, computer professionals have the oversight responsibility for information privacy because they have the most extensive knowledge of their organization’s systems and programs, as well as an intimate understanding of the data. Thus, the competence of these professionals in ensuring sound practice of information privacy is of great importance to both researchers and practitioners. This research addresses the question of whether male computer professionals differ from their female counterparts in their self-regulatory efficacy to protect personal information privacy. A total of 103 male and 65 female subjects surveyed in Taiwan responded to a 10-item questionnaire that includes three measures: protection (protecting privacy information), non-distribution (not distributing privacy information to others), and non-acquisition (not acquiring privacy information). The findings show (1) significant gender differences exist in the subjects’ overall self-regulatory efficacy for information privacy, and, in particular, (2) that female subjects in this study exhibited a higher level of self-regulatory efficacy than males for the protection and non-acquisition of personal privacy information. The identification of the factorial structure of the self-regulatory efficacy concerning information privacy may contribute to future research directed to examining the links between privacy efficacy and psychological variables, such as ethical attitude, ethical intention, and self-esteem. Studies can also be extended to investigate how different cultural practices of morality and computer use in men and women may shape the different development patterns of privacy self-efficacy. Understanding the different cultural practices may then shed light on the social sources of privacy competence and the appropriate remedies that can be provided to improve the situation. Feng-Yang Kuo holds a B.S. degree in Management Science from Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan and a Ph.D.degree in Information Systems from University of Arizona. He was a faculty of Information Systems at University of Colorado at Denver from 1985 to 1997 and is currently an associate professor of Information Management in Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan. He has published articles in Communications of ACM, MIS Quarterly, Communications of AIS, Journal of Business Ethics, Information & Management, Journal of Systems and Software, Decision Support Systems, and Sun Yat-Sen Management Review. Among his current interests are information ethics, managerial cognition, and human-computer interfaces. Cathy S.Lin Professor Cathy S.Lin is an assistant professor of Information Management at National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Her Ph.D.is in Management Information Systems from National Sun Yat-Sen University. She has published articles in the Information & Management, Journal of Information Management, and Sun Yat-Sen Management Review. Among her current interests are information ethics, ethical decision making, electronic commerce, and information management. Meng-Hsiang Hsu Professor Meng-Hsiang Hsu is a professor of information management at National Kaohsiung of First University of Science and Technology. His Ph.D. is in Management Information Systems from National Sun Yat-Sen University. He has published articles in the J. of Business Ethics, Behavior & information Technology, Decision Support System, and Industrial Management and Data Systems. Among his current interests are knowledge management, information ethics, strategic information systems, and electronic commerce.     

中国农村贫困地区医疗服务利用及医疗支出的性别差异

通过对农村贫困地区的数据分析发现,中国女性虽然获得了较多的医疗服务,但由于她们的健康状况比男性差,应住院未住院的情况要比男性严重,不公平的现象依然存在.恩格尔模型结果提示男性对家庭医疗保健支出的影响高于女性,尤其是老年男性要远远好于女性.而在对待儿童方面,所选用的贫困县数据中,男性和女性之间并没有明显差异,但国家卫生服务调查的数据则提示男性获得的住院服务要高于女性.