Entrepreneurship and Risk Premium

This article deals with the measurement and determination of entrepreneurship. It utilises the issue of the absence of the entrepreneur from neoclassical theory and uses the theory of portfolio management to establish a model connecting risk premium with the entrepreneurship premium. It shows that the non-systematic risk may be a satisfactory proxy of the level of entrepreneurial activity. The development of successful entrepreneurial activity proxy contributes towards the development of a theorisation of entrepreneurship and an assessment of its contribution to growth.     

Financial Inflexibility and the Value Premium

This paper tests whether and to what extent the value premium is induced by financial inflexibility. In this context, financial flexibility refers to the ability of a firm to alter investment expenditure to mitigate exogenous shocks, so as to generate a smooth dividend stream. Consistent with a literature that identifies three related sources of inflexibility, we create a composite inflexibility index, based on the proportion of fixed assets and measures of total leverage and financial constraints. A positive relation is documented between inflexibility and the book‐to‐market ratio, and between the returns of inflexible firms and value firms. However, the value premium retains explanatory power independent of inflexibility, suggesting that it is not a proxy for inflexibility alone.     

Lending Risk in MFIs: The Extreme Bounds of Microeconomic and Macroeconomic Factors

Using 1,234 microfinance firms in 106 countries, this study investigates the determinants of default on the microcredit debt obligation of borrowers. Using the variant of extreme bounds analysis that systematically tests the fragility of coefficient estimates, we examine the importance of 42 variables in explaining default risk. At the micro level, the results from the modeling of model uncertainty reveal that regulation, cost per loan/cost per borrower, loan balance, borrower per loan officer, and the number of loan officers are robust factors. From the macroeconomic context, the time required to start a business and human capital are the determinants of default on debt obligations.     

宏观经济因素与人民币汇率浮动

采用协整检验和误差修正模型等计量经济学方法,就当前国内若干热点变动的宏观经济因素变量对汇改后人民币汇率的影响进行了实证研究,研究结果表明热点变动的中美利差水平、通货膨胀率差异水平以及外汇储备增长率与人民币升值幅度之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系。长期来看,利差水平对人民币名义汇率影响程度较大,而短期内,外汇储备因素和人民币汇率自身变动的前期信息对其影响较为显著。     

基于财险公司定价风险差异的偿付能力资本标准计量

我国财险公司按照保费规模和资本结构可以分为四类,它们的经营和风险特征均存在显著差异,对于制定行业政策和监管标准是一个巨大挑战。本文从分析各类公司的定价风险入手,分析不同类别公司之间的风险差异,并尝试使用分层递减的资本标准制定方法,将已赚保费分为[0,20亿)、[20,100亿)、[100亿以上]三个区间,研究发现对应的资本要求分别为30%、22%、15%。     

贝塔系数是风险的正确度量吗

在经典的投资组合理论中 ,假设所有资产的报酬率服从对数正态分布 ,因而只需要用收益的方差来度量风险就足够了 ,忽略了偏度的影响。资产收益的分布往往不是对称的 ,偏度是客观存在的 ,而且投资者具有正偏度的爱好。所以必须用方差和偏度来共同度量投资的风险 ,在这种情况下 ,贝塔系数不再是风险的正确度量 ,采用有效的修正方法 ,可以用来对资产进行正确的定价     

波动率风险溢酬:基于香港和美国期权市场的研究

文章运用方差互换合约的思想,从香港恒生指数和美国S&P500指数现货和期权的价格中提炼出无模型波动率风险溢酬,并对其特征进行了考察。研究结果表明,香港股市和美国股市中的波动率风险的确被定价,且风险溢酬显著为负,说明两市投资者均体现出风险厌恶。但同时我们也发现两个市场投资者的行为模式存在差异。此外,香港和美国市场的波动率风险相关度很高,且存在明显的溢出效应。     

参与全球价值链分工、技能偏向性技术进步与技能溢价

以往的文献缺乏对全球价值链、技能偏向性技术进步与技能溢价三者之间因果机制的深入研究。基于此,文章首先建立了参与全球价值链分工影响工资不平等的理论模型,以中国服务业为研究对象,运用VAR和中介效应分析方法,实证研究参与全球价值链分工对中国技能溢价的作用机理。研究发现:中国服务业参与全球价值链分工以后,主要通过技能偏向性技术进步的中介作用来拉大高技能劳动力和低技能劳动力工资水平差距(技能溢价)。参与全球价值链分工对高技术密集型服务业技能溢价的促进作用最大,中技术密集型服务业其次,低技术密集型服务业最小。     

Using the Shapley Value to Mitigate the Emergency Rescue Risk for Hazardous Materials

Group Decision and Negotiation - Due to the catastrophic consequence of possible incidents caused by the storage and transportation of hazardous materials, effectively mitigating such risks is of...     

宏观经济因素对中国行业股票收益率的影响

本文以2002年2月至2010年4月的数据为样本,用多因子GED-EGARCH(1,1)-M模型研究了国际石油价格、人民币汇率以及其他宏观经济变量对中国14个行业股票收益率的影响.研究结果表明,国际原油价格对其中10个行业股票收益率有显著影响,而人民币汇率则会影响化工制品行业、金融行业、工业用品和服务行业的股票收益率;经济增长率、通货膨胀率、货币供给增长率和利率期限结构等宏观经济变量也对部分行业的股票收益率存在显著影响.     

习惯形成和股权风险溢价之谜:基于中国数据的实证研究

文章对Campbell和Cochrane的习惯形成模型进行修正,使用HJ方差界检验中国的股权溢价之谜,并比较CRRA模型和修正模型的定价能力.实证分析发现:中国不存在股权溢价之谜,也不存在无风险利率之谜;与CRRA模型相比,文章采用的模型有更强的定价能力.     

宏观经济风险影响公司现金持有量的机制与效果

宏观经济风险对公司投融资行为有显著影响.本文以2007~2015年沪深两市2291家上市公司的非平衡面板数据为样本,分析宏观经济风险影响公司现金持有量的机制,并探究其影响效果.经验结果表明:宏观经济风险显著影响上市公司现金持有量行为,即宏观经济风险越大,则公司持有现金越多,反之亦然;与国有企业相比,非国有企业的现金持有行为对宏观经济风险更加敏感;金融危机期间,宏观经济风险对现金持有量产生负向影响.     

Principal Component Value at Risk

Value at risk (VaR) is an industrial standard for monitoring financial risk in an investment portfolio. It measures potential losses within a given confidence interval. The implementation, calculation, and interpretation of VaR contains a wealth of mathematical issues that are not fully understood. In this paper we present a methodology for an approximation to value at risk that is based on the principal components of a sensitivity‐adjusted covariance matrix. The result is an explicit expression in terms of portfolio deltas, gammas, and the variance/covariance matrix. It can be viewed as a nonlinear extension of the linear model given by the delta‐normal VaR or RiskMetrics (J.P. Morgan, 1996).     

Japan's Negative Risk Premium in Interest Rates: The Liquidity Trap and the Fall in Bank Lending

Japan's interest rates have been compressed toward zero because of pressure coming through the foreign exchanges. Twenty years of current‐account surpluses have led to a huge buildup of claims – mainly dollars – on foreigners. Because of ongoing fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate, Japanese financial institutions will only willingly hold these dollar claims if the nominal yield on them is substantially higher than on yen assets. In the 1990s to 2002 as US interest rates have come down, portfolio equilibrium has been sustained only when nominal interest rates on yen assets have been forced toward zero. One consequence is the now infamous liquidity trap for Japanese monetary policy. A second consequence is the erosion of the normal profit margins of Japan's commercial banks, leading to a slump in new bank credit and an inability to grow out of the overhang of old bad loans.     

Small Business Failure and External Risk Factors

Unlike much of the previous literature, which has generally focused on internal risk factors, this study seeks to explore the impact of macro-economic factors on small business mortality. The results suggest that economic factors appear to be associated with between 30% and 50% of small business failures, depending on the definition of failure used. As expected, failure rates were positively associated with interest rates (where failure was defined as bankruptcy) and the rate of unemployment (where failure was defined as discontinuance of ownership). However, somewhat unexpectedly, failure rates were found to be positively associated with lagged employment rates (where failure was defined as to prevent further losses) and with current and lagged retail sales (where failure was defined as either: failed to "make a go of it"; discontinuance of ownership; or discontinuance of business). This indicates that a strengthening economy may provide the trigger for an increase in voluntary business exits as individual proprietors seek to maximize the returns available to them on both their financial and human capital.