Modern problems and development prospects of the Russian budgetary system

The article describes problems of modern budgetary system of Russia. If these problems have been solved, economic growth could be restored. Suggested measures of budgetary policy have been divided into priority measures, which are affected in the next one or two years, as well as medium-term measures     

Long-term development of the Russian economy and the problem of labour productivity

This paper analyzes the limitations imposed by the development of the Russian economy on human resources. The contribution of productivity to economic growth in recent years is determined. The key factors affecting the productivity of labor in the Russian economy are revealed. The possible dynamics of production in high-tech sectors under the impact of restrictions on labor resources is reviewed.     

Tendencies towards the spatial concentration of the Russian banking sector

This article analyzes the empirically established peculiarities and tendencies of the spatial development of the Russian banking sector in 2001–2011. On the basis of the statistical data provided by the Bank of Russia and some other banks and their branches (taking into consideration the exterritoriality of the latter), the dynamics of a number of indicators is determined; those indicators characterize the extent and forms of market competition between commercial banks all over the country and in federal districts. The obtained results are compared with the macroeconomic indicators from the corresponding regions.     

International reserve assets of the Russian Federation: Problems and prospects

Russia’s gold and currency reserves (GCR) and control over them are analyzed. The main components of international reserves are characterized in detail. Successes in GCR accumulation (third place after China and Japan by this indicator) are considered. Special attention is paid to the development and control over the gold-mining industry. Control over international reserves and prospects for improving its efficiency are analyzed.     

Assessment of Russian aviation development for long-term prospects with the regard for Arctic developing: reproductive and technological aspects

The article considers the conditions of developing the aviation industry for long-term prospects taking into account factors such as changes in purchasing aviation equipment, progress in developing the Russian aviation market, and works for reconstructing and modernizing transport infrastructure in the Russian Arctic. The author aims to coordinate the Government programs for developing new aviation equipment and equipment for air transport via the program of Arctic Exploration and Development, as it is necessary to integrate various cycle flows with regard to high-tech capital.     

Long-term development of the Russian high technology complex under unstable growth of the world economy (model and forecast)

The paper presents a new model of main economics complexes relations as well the long term forecasting of Russia science-intensive and high-technology complex (2011–2025). The forecast terms include estimates of complex development changes under different scenarios of the global economy evolution.     

Imbalances of external sector of the Russian financial market and approaches of their regulation

The article considers the main modern imbalances of external sector of the Russian financial market and the main elements of the new concept of cross-border capital movement of the Russian Federation in the conditions of increasing geopolitical and geo-economic risks for ensuring financial stability and maintenance of long-term economic growth in the country.     

Pakistan's pattern of development and prospects

This paper analyzes past and present development experiences in Pakistan, and gives indications of possible directions for future development. Since 1969 there has been an open dissatisfaction with economic management from the government, which has resulted in a drying up of private investment. However, this drawback was partly balanced by a rapid increase in income received by Pakistanis working abroad, particularly in the Middle East. There have been slight increases in growth in agriculture, industry, and in the service sector, such as banking, insurance, and shipping. The growth of per capita income, however, is constantly offset by the acceleration in population growth, which has reached 3% a year. Literacy rate is still 19% of the total population, and basic health facilities cover only 50% of the population, while potable water supply is available to 11.2% of the rural population. Possible development directions would include the denationalization of some industries, and the creation of competition between the private and public sectors, so to improve the climate for private investment. Water availability for land irrigation should be expanded, and mineral fields better surveyed and exploited. Pakistan should develop the possibility of growing trade offered by its geographical location, improve all kinds of social services, including family planning, education, and health services, and provide the means to produce energy for all the prospected programs.     

The Russian economy resource sector: Its scale and interindustry interactions

Problems and consequences of resource specialization are considered. The size of the resource sector and its contribution to the main indicators of the Russian economy under economic growth are assessed. Interindustry links of resource industries, the formation and distribution of their revenues, and the tax load on the resource sector are analyzed using input-output tables.     

Contracting out by the public sector: theory, evidence, prospects

Unlike privatization, contracting out (or simply 'contracting')does not generally involve the sale of publicly owned assets.Yet it has been widely used as a mechanism for reform of public-sectorservice provision. Contracting introduces ex-ante competition-competitionfor the market through competitive tendering. This article examinesboth the theory and evidence of contracting by the public sector.It considers the theoretical conditions, such as contractualincompleteness and the ownership pf physical assets, which mayimpede efficient contracting. It also reviews the internationalevidence which suggests that savings in the order of 20 percent are achievable, without sacrificing the quality of serviceprovided. In the UK, savings of between £240m and £280mhave been estimated for contracts let at the central governmentlevel. Substantial savings have also been generated by contractingat the local government level.     

Predictive and analytical investigation of the intersectoral ratios dynamics in the Russian economy real sector

A balance-based econometric model is presented that has been developed for the analysis of the dynamics and structure of the intersectoral relations in the domestic economy; the methodology and results of its use in applied economic calculations are described.     

Social capital and technical information flows in the Ghanaian manufacturing sector

Social capital in the form of entrepreneurial networks is foundto be a determinant of Ghanaian manufacturing enterprise performance.Entrepreneurs with larger, more diverse sets of contacts havemore productive enterprises. Entrepreneurs also benefit fromthe networking activity of others. There is some evidence thatthe networks facilitate flows of knowledge between enterprises.A simple theoretical model indicates that where such flows takeplace, there is a potential for sustained endogenous economicgrowth. However, in Ghana, the flows are not sufficiently complementaryto the enterprises' own knowledge for this potential to be realized.     

On the development strategy for the grain sector

This article attempts to outline a development strategy for the grain sector in agrarian economics under complicated conditions in the world economic relations and the processes of globalization and regional integration.     

Inflation and problems of balanced development of the Russian economy

Problems of inflation from the perspective of balanced economic development of the Russian Federation are considered. The consequences of policy decisions taken in the financial sector and real economy are analyzed based on actual data. The necessity of carrying out such an analysis at the stage of developing policy decisions is rationalized.     

Intra-industry specialization and development models for the capital goods sector

Zusammenfassung Intraindustrielle Spezialisierung und Entwicklungsmodelle für den Kapitalgütersektor. -Als die am Binnenmarkt orientierte und vom Ausland unabh?ngige Industrialisierungsstrategie für Entwicklungsl?nder formuliert wurde, war das vernünftig, weil die Industriel?nder damals nur wenig in die Weltwirtschaft integriert waren. In den letzten 25 Jahren ist die Abh?ngigkeit der fortgeschrittenen L?nder vom Welthandel jedoch stark gestiegen, und zwar haupts?chlich wegen der verst?rkten intraindustriellen Spezialisierung, die durch statische und dynamische Skalenertr?ge vorangetrieben wurde, insbesondere solche, die sich aus F & E-sowie Design-Aktivit?ten ergeben. Solche Skalenertr?ge werden erzielt, wenn breitgef?cherte Industrien in sehr spezialisierte Segmente aufgespalten werden. Angesichts dieser internationalen Entwicklungen bei der Industrialisierung sollte das Ziel, Kapitalgüter aus eigener Kraft produzieren zu wollen, revidiert werden, es sei denn, die Entwicklungsl?nder sind bereit,(i) diese Industrie oder gro?e Teile davon st?ndig zu subventionieren und(ii) hinsichtlich der meisten Technologien, die in dem Kapitalgütersektor benutzt werden, auf Dauer von den Industriel?ndern abh?ngig zu sein.

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Résumé Spécialisation intra-industrielle et modèles de développement pour le secteur des produits de capitaux. -Quand on a formulé la stratégie d’industrialisation aux PVD caractérisée par l’orientation vers le marché local et par l’indépendance internationale, cette stratégie était rationale parce que les pays industriels étaient caractérisés par un degré bas de l’intégration dans l’économie internationale. Pendant les dernières 25 années la dépendance du commerce des pays industriels a augmenté très significativement, particulièrement à cause d’un accroissement de la spécialisation intra-industrielle qui fut poussée par les économies d’échelle statiques et dynamiques, dérivées avant tout des activités de R & D et de dessin. Ces économies s’ensuivent des grandes industries quand elles sont divisées en parties très spécialisées. A cause de ces développements internationaux en industrialisation, il semble qu’il faut changer le but d’être indépendant dans la production des produits de capitaux pourvu que les PVD soient prêts à ft) payer des subventions permanentes à cette industrie ou aux grandes parties d’elle et(ii) devenir à la longue dépendants des pays industriels en ce qui concerne la masse de la technologie de production utilisée dans ce secteur.

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Resumen Especialización intrasectorial y modelos de desarrollo para el sector de bienes de capital. -Al ser formulada la estrategia de industrialización “hacia adentro” y autosuficiente para países en desarrollo, esta estrategia tenía sentido dado el bajo grado de integratión de los pafses industrializados en la economfa mundial. En los últimos 25 a?os la dependencia de los países industrializados del comercio internacional ha aumentado significativamente, debido ante todo a una mayor especialización intrasectorial como consecuencia de economías de escala estáticas y dinámicas, particularmente de aquellas derivadas de I & D y de actividades de dise?o. Estas economías son logradas al dividirse sectores amplios en segmentas especializados. Parecería que, debido a estas tendencias internacionales en la industrialización, el objetivo de ser autosuficiente en términos de la producción de bienes de capital debería ser modificado, a menos que los países en desarrollo estuvieran preparados(i) a pagar subsidios permanentes a este sector o a segmentas importantes del mismo y(ii) a permanecer dependientes de los países industrializados en cuanto a la mayor parte de la tecnología de producto utilizada en este sector.