"石器时代"的规则

制度变迁过程是个体博弈的结果吗?在引进政治过程之后,制度变迁的效率假说是否依然成立?该文试图通过对一个网络游戏石器时代的观察和研究来回答这两个问题.石器时代是目前最流行的网络游戏,它通过模拟原始人类的生产和交换活动成功地吸引了大批玩家,我们的观察表明,玩家通过建立各种组织来内化无政府条件下的搭便车、欺诈以及恃强凌弱等问题,因此制度的演进和组织的建立和演进分不开;同时,制度演进的方向和效率的改进是一致的.     

“石器时代”的规则

制度变迁过程是个体博弈的结果吗？在引进政治过程之后，制度变迁的效率假说是否依然成立？本文试图通过对一个网络游戏“石器时代”的观察和研究来回答这两个问题。“石器时代”是目前最流行的网络游戏，它通过模拟原始人类的生产和交换活动成功地吸引了大批玩家。我们的观察表明，玩家通过建立各种组织来内化无政府条件下的搭便车、欺诈以及恃强凌弱等问题，因此制度的演进和组织的建立和演进分不开；同时，制度演进的方向和效率的改进是一致的。     

电信业技术变迁的演化博弈分析

本文利用演化博弈理论的最新研究成果,构造了一个电信技术市场模仿者动态博弈模型来考察电信业技术变迁过程。研究结果表明:在电信业技术变迁过程中,可能出现非效率技术"锁定",也可能出现非效率技术被更有效率的技术取代;电信技术"锁定"在一定条件下是可以被破解的,政府可通过对更有效率的技术的研发提供补贴或降低其交易成本等措施来打破非效率技术"锁定",使得电信业技术变迁向更有效的方向演进。     

替代与变迁:制度经济学视阈下的高新区制度演进研究

不同的制度安排会带来不同的制度效率及资源配置的可能性边界。起点模式对外部利润的追求,是高新区制度变迁的动力,通过考量制度变迁成本和收益,制度变迁主体可自由选择制度变迁的方向和模式。而制度演进中路径依赖的存在,限制了制度变迁主体的选择范围和模式。从制度经济学视角系统探讨高新区制度演进的机理、动力及边际点,分析其路径依赖特征。     

"温州模式"变迁与创新—兼对若干转型理论假说的检验

"温州模式"的制度变迁是追求政治成本最小化的准需求诱致型制度变迁。随着《宪法修正案》的通过,准需求诱致型制度变迁必然向完全以效率为导向的需求型制度变迁渐进转化,从而标志着"新温州模式"的诞生与发展。     

新中国土地产权制度变迁的理论与实践——兼议深圳"小产权房"问题

本文基于土地产权制度视角,运用制度变迁理论纵向追溯新中国成立以来土地产权制度的变迁历程,通过剖析深圳"小产权房"案例,分析当前中国土地产权制度中存在的问题并结合英国土地产权制度的实践提出改革思路.研究表明,新中国成立以来,中国土地产权制度先后经历了强制性制度变迁—强制性制度变迁—诱致性制度变迁的过程;在历次重大制度变迁后,当前中国建立了几乎独一无二的城乡二元化土地产权制度,但仍存在土地产权主体模糊和城乡土地产权不对等的问题,进而使得中国土地产权制度滞后于当前快速推进的城市化进程,"小产权房"乱象成风.基于制度变迁的理论分析,并结合对深圳案例及英国土地产权制度的归纳,笔者认为,进一步明晰产权是中国土地产权制度改革的方向.因此,今后的改革应坚持诱致性制度变迁的改革路径,当前土地产权制度需要的是"改革"而非"革命".     

失地农民问题与制度变迁

在制度演进论的框架下分析了农民失地的制度变迁过程,重新分析了被我国学者忽视的失地农民和城市居民作为行为主体参与博弈过程所起到的重要作用,提到了要关注制度执行的效率与结果及失地农民补偿后会带来的社会问题。提出加强制度的执行监管,建立一种平衡机制,达到社会和谐的目标。     

论马克思的制度分析

马克思的制度分析适用于长期的制度变迁分析,而新制度经济学的分析则适应于短期的制度变迁分析,并且马克思的长期制度变迁分析具有历史性、演进性和动态性;在马克思看来,建立在私有财产制度基础上的生产过程存在剥削和掠夺性的一面;马克思不仅重视制度公平性分析,而且注重对制度的性质进行分析,这也是马克思不同于制度经济学家的重要一点。     

自我执行的制度:比较历史制度分析(上)

本文把制度因素更多地看成是历史内生演化的,从而对制度变迁进行了跨学科的分析整合,进而对比较历史制度分析的研究方法做了一个较为前沿的总结和概括.本文还对制度的社会结构要素进行了分析,把制度定义为整合的社会变量,是由"信念、组织和规则"等要素构成的体系.结合博弈均衡分析,本文得出制度要素的社会传播和复制是自我执行的结果,作为历史过程的制度演进是一个内生的变迁过程,其中历史对当下的制度变迁方向具有突出的重要性.     

"三农"问题的制度经济学分析

从制度经济学的角度来看,制度歧视、扭曲、农村组织缺位及制度变迁的滞后、非均衡是导致"三农"问题的直接原因,而诺斯的"国家理论"则揭示了"三农"问题的更深层原因。     

陕南汉江走廊新石器时代考古聚落研究

陕南汉江走廊地区新石器时代的聚落遗址基本上分布在汉江及其主要支流所形成的平原台地和河谷阶地上。根据聚落的选址特点，可以将区域内的聚落分为平原台地型和河谷阶地型两种。文章以考古发掘资料为主要依据对这一区域内聚落的地理环境进行了微观个案研究。由于所处的地理环境不同，聚落规模和文化层的堆积都有差别，聚落中居民的生产方式也不一样。这种比较研究充分阐述了新石器时代走廊内的人地关系。     

PENSIONS AND THE ELDERLY

Richard Burkhauser and Dallas Salisbury (Eds.), Pensions in a Changing Economy
John Williamson and Fred Pampel, Old Age in Comparative Perspective     

Distribution characteristics of China's key cultural relic tourism resources and suggestions to its development and protection

SPSS13.0 was used to process the data of the 1-6 batch of key cultural relic conservation units promulgated by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of China; and multi-element evaluation method was used to calculate the composite distribution index.The spatial distribution of cultural relics of provinces in China can be divided into four grades,namely：very rich areas,rich areas,poor areas and very poor areas; the article analyzes the characteristics of cultural resources in spatial and temporal distribution.The paper holds that（1）the distribution of China＇s cultural relic tourism resources is relatively concentrated,different sharply from region to region,with more Han nation＇s heritage,less relics of the ethnic minorities; （2） Henan,Hebei,Shaanxi,Shanxi Province are the main regions with heavy distribution of cultural resources; （3） relics appeared in specific time periods in China＇s history.Ming and Qing Dynasties,Sui,Tang and Five Dynasties,Song,Liao and Jin,the Western Han,Shang and Zhou dynasties,the New Stone Age are the major periods producing more cultural relics.This paper also analyzes relationships of the emergence of cultural relics with production technology,specific historical process,specific geographical location,political system,religion,national culture,customs,architectural styles and techniques of the traditional cultural educational system.Finally,the paper discusses the development and protection of heritage.     

云南"四林"旅游生命周期研究

本文把石林、元谋土林、陆良彩色沙林、元江彩色膏林并称为云南“四林”。云南四林均属林柱状旅游景观，但由于旅游开发的条件和因素不一，云南“四林”所处的旅游生命周期阶段不同。相关数据表明，石林属稳定发展阶段，沙林属快速成长阶段，土林属重振阶段，膏林属探查阶段。本文针对云南“四林”不同的发展阶段提出了相应的旅游开发措施。     

Not just guidelines: Pirate codes and the emergence of property rights in <Emphasis Type="Italic">The Invisible Hook</Emphasis>

Peter Leeson’s The Invisible Hook provides a readable and entertaining narrative of the hidden economics of the Golden Age of Piracy. This essay comments on one particular aspect of Leeson’s work: what we can learn from pirates about the emergence and evolution of property rights? I conclude that pirate codes had their origins in part in legally enforceable agreements and that pirates’ blend of individual and communal property rights bore some resemblance to the property rights of wandering tribal peoples.     

ASSESSING THE VALUE OF ECONOMICS RESEARCH: THE CASE OF THE BIAS IN THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

Economists provide sometimes contradictory information about economic systems that contribute to policy design. How does one value this type of knowledge? A political‐economic game is presented that allows for reinforcing and contradictory research messages. Policy makers are assumed to follow a Bayesian decision theory process and the model is tested with quantitative estimates of the value of research on the degree of bias in the Consumer Price Index. Most economists agree that a bias exists, but published estimates vary widely. A blue‐ribbon panel of economists recommended revisions to how the index is calculated, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics subsequently made revisions that differed from their original plans, but how much influence did the panel really have on the revisions? (JEL Z00)     

THE FISCAL MULTIPLIER AND ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS IN THE UNITED STATES

The Great Recession sparked wide interest in the economic effects of fiscal policy. That interest is reflected in an ongoing debate over the size of the fiscal multiplier. This survey article addresses three questions: What models do economists use to estimate that multiplier? Why do estimates of it vary widely? How can economists use those estimates to judiciously analyze U.S. economic policy? (JEL E62, H30, H50)     

COPYRIGHT AND BRANDS IN THE DIGITAL AGE: INTERNALIZING THE EXTERNALITIES OF MEANING

The adoption of binary code as the universal standard for globalized communications generates highly positive externalities of the kind often referred to as “network effects.” But what about meaning? What are the externalities associated with the formatting and circulation of meaning, and are they all positive? Within the digital paradigm, is it really possible to separate the notion of expression—covered by copyright—from the meanings conveyed? Isn't meaning closely related to the concept of brand? And on that assumption, how do copyright and trademark institutions work together to stimulate and promote the generation of meaningful information? To answer these questions, we will look at how the meaningful forms of expression—the “works”—that have historically been covered by copyright generate specific types of externality, both positive and negative, giving rise to both incentive and censorship mechanisms. We will then show how the institutions of copyright and author's rights that allow the appropriation of a meaning‐dependent good also confer a brand on it by identifying its sources. This leads to cross‐externalities between works of expression and publishing brands, with the result that copyright and trademark institutions cannot be completely separated from each other. (JEL K11, L5, L82, B25)     

Invariance, price indices and estimation in almost ideal demand systems

Two issues are addressed in this paper. First, we explore the issue of price index invariance in the linearized Almost Ideal demand system. We establish that the Stone index, which lacks invariance, and the recently proposed invariant Laspeyres, Paasche and Tornqvist indices all generate biased and inconsistent estimators. Monte Carlo evidence shows that invariance does not necessarily lead to better estimates of price and income elasticities insofar as the Stone and Paasche indices are unambiguously inferior to the Laspeyres and Tornqvist indices, especially if prices are not strongly positively correlated. Second, we examine the merits of the widely used conditional ML estimator of the non-linear Almost Ideal system in which a prior value is chosen for the “subsistence” parameter. We find that the bias and trace mean square error increases induced by conditional estimation are modest. The choice between the linearized and the non-linear models favors the latter although in some cases linear methods are as good as non-linear. First Version Received: January 1999 / Final Version Received: March 2000