Social and intertemporal differences of basic numeracy in Pannonia (first century BCE to third century CE)

In this study, we assess the human capital of Roman legionaries, officers and the civilian population born between the first century BCE and the third century CE in Pannonia (today’s West Hungary). Age-heaping techniques allow the measurement of human capital for this early period, although we need to discuss intensively potential selectivity. We find that the Roman military benefited strongly from occupational choice selectivity: those social groups who decided for a military career had better numeracy values than the remainder of the population. This applied especially to the first centuries BCE and CE. Over time, however, the civilian population converged to the military occupational groups. This ‘military bias’ analysis also contributes to the debate about long-term growth determinants: in some societies, the most educated parts of the elites selected a military career, rather than opting for entreprenuerial activities which might have impacted more positively on macroeconomic growth.     

Determinants of Airport Choice in a Multi-Airport Region

The Civil Aeronautics Board was dismantled on the premise that competition and the threat of entry would restrain airline prices. If consumers do not search for low fares, then the threat of entry will have little impact. The entry of a low fare carrier will reallocate fliers within but not between airports. Telephone survey data were used to estimate probit models for the use of Baltimore–Washington International, Newark International, JFK International, and Philadelphia International Airports to evaluate the effect of low fares on consumer behavior. In airport usage, age and gender do not matter. Although survey participants reported that airfare is an important consideration, actual searching for a low fare was unimportant. The availability of non-stop flights, wait at check-in, income, and distance from home were important.     

后危机时代我国企业劳动关系的变化及其应对策略

劳动关系的演变总是随着经济发展的变化而变化,后危机时代的特殊性使这一时期的劳动关系在劳动力市场力量、劳动契约和中小企业劳动关系风险等方面表现出新的特征变化。文章认为,应通过多渠道开发企业人力资本、＂内外兼修＂降低中小企业劳动关系风险和完善＂三方四主体＂的劳动关系协调机制等举措解决劳动关系变化带来的新问题。     

我国农民收入增长缓慢的根本制约因素与对策

农村居民家庭人均纯收入按收入来源可划分为三个主要部分:家庭经营农业收入、家庭经营二、三产业收入与工资性收入。本文通过对这三部分收入分别进行讨论,认为制约农民收入增长缓慢的根本因素为:农民人均耕地资源有限,农民劳动生产率低;农村市场虽然巨大但是过于分散;农民人力资本投入低。最后,本文提出了增加农民收入的根本对策及一些短期对策。     

消费拉动经济增长的前景--基于消费-人力资本-增长的途径分析

消费能否拉动经济增长还存在比较大的争议,重要原因在于消费拉动经济增长的机理尚不清楚。基于对消费—增长不同观点的述评,构建了消费—人力资本—增长的理论模型,即消费是维系劳动力简单生产、实现劳动力再生产、促进劳动人力资本积累的基本途径;消费带来的人力资本积累直接促进了经济增长。在这一传导机制的基础之上,利用黄金储蓄率方法对我国潜在消费规模进行初步估算,估算消费释放有可能带来的增长效应,并就消费拉动经济增长提出相关建议。     

基于公共品理论的农村劳动力转移培训问题分析

当前,关于农村劳动力转移和培训的研究较多,大多是从财政政策和政府职能角度论述加强农村劳动力转移培训的重要性,并有针对性地提出了政策建议。文章运用公共品相关理论分析了农村劳动力转移培训问题,认为“农村劳动力转移培训”是具有正外部性的准公共品,应该由政府提供,市场生产,从而实现资源的有效配置,提升人力资本,可持续开展农村劳动力转移培训工作。     

Location Choice and Employment Decisions: A Comparison of German and Swedish Multinationals

Using data on German and Swedish multinational enterprises (MNEs), this paper analyzes determinants of location choice and the degree of substitutability of labor across locations. Countries with highly skilled labor strongly attract German but not necessarily Swedish MNEs. In MNEs from either country, affiliate employment tends to substitute for employment at the parent firm. At the margin, substitutability is the strongest with respect to affiliate employment in Western Europe. A one percent larger wage gap between Germany and locations in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is associated with 760 fewer jobs at German parents and 4,620 more jobs at affiliates in CEE. A one percent larger wage gap between Sweden and CEE is associated with 140 fewer jobs at Swedish parents and 260 more jobs at affiliates in CEE. JEL no. F21, F23, J21, J23     

Household Choice of Drinking–Water Source in the Philippines

The present paper analyzes household choice of drinking–water source for 769 rural households in metropolitan Cebu, Philippines. The study aims to analyze the effects of input prices, tastes and household size on the choice probabilities. For the empirical analysis, a discrete–choice approach is employed, consistent with utility maximization. The findings indicate that the time cost is an important determinant of household choice of drinking–water source and, surprisingly, that taste, proxied by income, has ambiguous effects on household choice. The present study is contrasted to an earlier study in which inconsistency with utility maximization cannot be ruled out.     

浅谈资本逻辑的超越与人的全面发展

资本时代劳动使人类由自我实现走向自我奴役,其历史的逻辑根植于资本。资本一旦生成,便宰制着劳动的扭曲与人类理性的蜕变。资本对人的异化统治主要是通过旧式分工,旧式分工使人的生活方式强制性的服从于谋生性的劳动,从而割裂了人的完整性与自由性。因此,超越资本的逻辑就应立足于人的现实生活实践,通过劳动制度的改革,瓦解资本对人的奴役,变资本的个性为人的个性,实现人的全面发展。     

论我国职工持股制的确立及其完善

职工持股制是一种彰显劳动者在劳动关系中的相对独立人格并促进劳动者财富增长的法律制度,其为实现公司对职工的社会责任提供了一个具体途径,对实现职工的人力资本价值、维护职工合法权益意义重大。对于职工持股制,考虑我国实际情况,建议立法采取宜＂疏＂不宜＂堵＂的精神,对持股职工的资格、资金来源以及运行方式等相关内容加以完善,注重职工持股制度的整体设计。     

用工荒与就业难并存的经济学分析

文章首先分析了用工荒与就业难并存的表面原因,进而得出产业结构不合理、城乡二元结构、城市内部存在的“新二元”结构及人力资本不足是两者并存的内在原因。文章认为,解决用工荒和就业难的对策：一要调整产业结构;二要实行积极的就业政策;三要加大资本投资;四要完善社会保障体系。     

关于新经济条件下的中国工会组织及其工作思路的思考

文章从经济和历史两个维度,分析了中国特殊劳动关系下的工会工作,阐述了重视并加强工会工作的必要性和现实性,以及在对待工会问题上所存在的一些缺憾和亟待解决的问题。从而折射出中国特色市场经济条件下工会工作的现实复杂性与艰巨性,进而推演出新形势下工会组织的准确定位与工作思路:从企业的国际性发展规律和社会的实际需要来理顺劳资关系;提高工会干部的综合素质是理顺劳动关系的根本。     

Procyclical Productivity and Output Growth in China: An Econometric Analysis

This paper analyzes the procyclical behavior of Chinese Total Factor Productivity (TFP). It shows that measured Solow residuals are correlated to the growth rate of real imports per worker and to other macroeconomic variables that fluctuate at cyclical frequencies. The magnitude of the trend shift in TFP after the start of economic reforms in 1978 is found to be robust to the introduction of cyclical factor utilization and other systematic influences on productivity. The propagation mechanisms of macroeconomic shocks to output are also evaluated on the basis of a seven-variable VAR system. The empirical results indicate that the growing openness of the economy has contributed to sustaining the observed long run productivity increases and has raised spatial inequality.     

技术资本与人力资本的属性分析

探索技术资本、人力资本的属性,对于改进企业技术与人力资本的运营效果进而提高增值潜能具有重要意义。技术资本与人力资本的共同属性有增值性、商品性、动态性、异质性与边际报酬递增性。此外,两者还具有各自特性。技术资本的特性有创新性、垄断性、时效性、外部性、可分离性与价值动态减损性。人力资本的特性有时间增值性、经验增值性、不可分离性与能动性。企业应全面权衡各自的属性特点,通过调动两者的互动促进企业的持续增长。     

人力资本产权实现路径论析

人力资本产权实现是一种有效的激励方式。人力资本产权的实现主要体现在人力资本产权主体拥有应有的自然控制权、自由使用权、自主支配权和合理收益权;市场交易和企业交易则是人力资本产权实现的路径选择。     

Earnings Differentials Determinants Between Skills in the Malaysian Manufacturing Sector

The Malaysian manufacturing sector has been experiencing a gradual change in its production process as it shifts from labor-intensive to more capital-intensive techniques. This has led to a change in the skills required by the industries where skilled workers are in greater demand and where the wage ratio between skills favors the skilled workers. There are many factors that can influence an indi-vidual's earnings. These include educational attainment, job location, types of industries and sex. This paper attempts to measure the determinants of earnings differentials among skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers in the Malaysian manufacturing sector. The analysis is based on a survey of 2065 workers in six major industries conducted in 1999. These are the electrical and electronics, textile, wood-based, transport equipment, food and chemical industries. The determin-ants of earnings differentials are obtained by using the coefficients of the earnings functions. These factors are decomposed into several categories, namely human capital, individual characteristics and the residual. The results reveal that human capital variables, which comprise education, training and experience, play a significant role in determining the earnings differentials, particularly between skilled and semi-skilled workers and between semi-skilled and unskilled workers.     

西方工作压力研究概况

关于工作压力的研究,西方已经进行了几十年并取得不少成果.我国该领域的研究起步较晚,但也逐渐成为社会焦点.本文从工作压力的定义、工作压力源、工作压力的测量、工作压力的理论、工作压力的后果和工作压力的应对几个方面,来介绍西方工作压力研究的已有成果,以资我们的研究工作借鉴.