西方保险理赔面面观

保险业发源于西方,世界上第一份具有现代意义的保单于1384年在佛罗伦萨诞生.这张保单承保的是一批从法国南部阿尔兹运往意大利比萨的货物,保单中有明确的保险标的和明确的保险责任等.在西方保险业几百年的发展过程中,因为欧美各国的发展进程及国情不同,其保险理赔的方式也各不相同. 英国 英国法律将保险合同定义为"被保险人同意给付保险人一定的保费,而保险人则在发生保险事故时对被保险人遭受的损失给予补偿的合同".英国法律将订立和履行保险合同定性为最大诚信.《英国1906年海上保险法》第十七条规定:"保险是最大诚信.海上保险是建立在最大诚信原则基础上的契约,如果任何一方不遵守最大诚信原则,他方可以宣告契约无效."     

我国保险代理人的法律监管研究

保险代理人为我国保险业发展做出了巨大的贡献,然而其自身存在的若干问题以及保险代理市场的混乱反映出我国对于保险代理人监管的薄弱。保险代理行为的固有风险和最大诚信原则的缺失要求我们必须从立法和管理上加以防范,把保险代理人放到与保险人同等重要的金融法律地位进行监管,建立起以政府的监管为规范,以行业自律及保险公司的管理为制约的立体监管模式。     

浅析新《保险法》对最大诚信原则内容的修改

诚实信用原则是保险经营的重要原则,它要求保险人、投保人和被保险人各方都要做到最大诚信,都要遵守诚信这一基本道德法则和行为规范。本文结合新修订的《保险法》,对最大诚信原则在保险经营中的运用作些分析。     

从道德信用到法律信用——保险最大诚信原则的经济学分析

从历史的角度看,信用本身经历了从作为非正式制度的道德信用,如中国传统社会的诚信观,发展到作为正式制度的法律信用,如现代民法中普遍规定的诚实信用原则,以及本文探讨的保险最大诚信原则。本文尝试从制度变迁的角度分析我国保险最大诚信原则。     

合同规制视角下互联网保险发展的瓶颈与路径

互联网保险迅猛发展过程中产生诸多问题,遇到发展瓶颈。通过综合分析互联网保险经营数据、发展影响因素和存在的问题,从合同规制视角分析产生瓶颈的原因,探索促进互联网发展的路径。研究发现出现发展瓶颈的原因主要有以下四方面:合同的附和性与消费者选择的冲突,最大诚信原则与互联网实现诚信条件的冲突,保险补偿的归属性与互联网投保人身份不确定性的冲突,保险理赔的复杂性与互联网线上简单实现的冲突。互联网保险发展路径有以下几方面:完善互联网保险业务的行业规制,定位于小、散、短、低、续保险业务,形成与传统保险互补格局,引入互联网保险“监管沙盒”新模式,强化互联网保险安全保障,利用高新技术方法规避失信风险,拓展用户导向的互联网保险产业链。     

诚信原则对保险业的规范作用

讲诚实守信用是中华民族的传统美德,是公民处理人与社会、人与人关系的伦理准则,在新的历史条件下,诚信原则不仅被确立为我国公民道德建设的重要内容,被确立为我国民商法的基本原则之一,同时诚信原则也是现代民法的基本原则,该原则对确保民事主体在民事活动中达成双方的利益平衡,以及当事人利益与社会利益的平衡,始终发挥着积极作用。《保险法》属民商法律范畴,新修订的《中华人民共和国保险法》(下称保险法)也将诚信原则确定为保险法的基本原则,《保险法》除“总则”外,在投保、承保、索赔、理赔、法律责任等诸环节都有诚信原则的体现,从而在保险经营活动中营造良好的诚实信用环境,确保我国保险业的健康发展提供了法律保障。     

论保险法的最大诚信原则

最大诚信原则作为保险法的基本原则,占有重要地位。在保险实务的运用中,最大诚信原则主要强调保险合同当事人双方的如实告知和说明义务。尽管新修订的保险法使最大诚信原则得到了更好的体现,然而在我国因违反诚信原则而引起的保险纠纷仍屡见不鲜,这与保险法对最大诚信原则的规定不明确、不完善有着内在关系。本文就诚实信用原则在保险法中的适用进行了全面分析,并对最大诚信原则的完善等方面进行一些探讨。     

如实告知义务研究中应用明确的几个概念——与陈伦伦先生商榷

《上海保险》2004年第6期刊陈伦伦先生《试论<保险法>中的如实告知义务》(下称《陈文》), 对保险合同诚信原则中的若干问题予以了较为深入的研究,令笔者受益匪浅,但由于文中对几处关键性概念理解错误,致结论失之偏颇。一、保险法中的诚信原则非海上保险中的最大诚信原则《陈文》认为:保险法中的诚信原则,也就是海上保险中的最大诚信原则,要求合同双方当事人在订立保险合同时,将有关影     

加强保险诚信建设优化行业发展环境

最大诚信原则是保险的基本原则之一。《保险法》第五条规定“保险活动当事人行使权利、履行义务应当遵循诚实信用原则”。随着保险业的对外开放和发展壮大，诚信问题日益成为社会和保险业界关注的焦点。由于受各种主客观因素的影响，目前诚信缺失已成为制约我国保险业可持续发展的因素，成为保险业必须面对的严峻问题。     

浅析新保险法中最大诚信原则的修订与完善

保险最大诚信原则的法律内涵 最大诚信原则作为保险活动的中最为重要的“基本规范”,保险合同的当事人和关系人都受其约束:对投保人的约束主要体现为告知和保证义务;而对保险人的约束体现为弃权和禁止反言义务.可见,最大诚信原则的内涵是通过保险合同双方当事人应承担的诚信义务来体现的,其主要包括告知、保证、说明、弃权与禁止反言四种形式.     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.