并非公允价值惹的祸

面对金融危机,不能简单地将罪魁祸首归咎于公允价值,而要思考如何科学把握公允价值、正确运用公允价值会计信息。尽管公允价值纳入会计准则的时间不长,但会计界（包括会计准则制定机构）基于会计信息决策有用性对公允价值属性及应用性的研究已有较长历史。客观地说,公允价值会计的推出是具有理论基础和环境基础的。资产以公允价值计量,     

论公允价值计量与资产减值会计计量的统一

本文从财务报告模式的转换讨论了建立与财务报表目标、会计信息质量特征和要素定义相符的计量标准,进而分析了现行主要准则体系中公允价值计量与资产减值会计计量的分离及其不利后果。在此基础上,提出了基于财务报告"价值观"的要求统一公允价值计量与资产减值会计计量的可能途径,从而为解决以FASB和IASB为主的不同准则制定机构关于资产减值会计计量的分歧,实现会计准则的全球趋同,以及建立全球统一的高质量会计准则提供了可行的思路。     

论公允价值应用模式的正确选择

公允价值是一种均衡价格,它能反映资产的本质,符合决策有用观中相关性和可靠性的要求,有助于理顺财务报表的逻辑关系,也有助于全面收益计量模式的实现。在金融危机中,公允价值备受争议,我国使用公允价值也经历了漫长曲折的过程。对公允价值理论基础的分析,表明公允价值相对于其他计量属性具有很多优势,在选择公允价值的应用模式时,应综合考虑其适用条件和使用成本,做出正确的判断。     

刍议新会计准则中公允价值的运用

2006年,我国颁布的新企业会计准则,公允价值作为此次改革的亮点,引起理论界与实务界的广泛关注。本文针对公允价值在新企业会计准则中的应用,探讨其对企业财务报表的影响,针对公允价值计量中存在的问题,为完善公允价值计量的应用提出对策。     

公允价值会计的几个理论问题研究

公允价值不仅仅表现为计量观，而更在于其制度性，龙其是在我国转轨经济区别于西方高度发达市场经济背景下，有七个方面相关内容的深刻探讨有助于准确理解公允价值概念。     

试论会计目标与公允价值计量

<正>本文通过对两种会计目标理论观点和我国会计信息使用者不同需求的比较分析,论述了我国会计目标的定位和发展方向,同时论述了公允价值计量是决策有用观的会计目标的反映,指出了公允价值计量存在的问题及提出了完善建议。     

对我国重新采用公允价值的动因分析

2006年2月16日新会计准则的亮相,引起了人们的广泛关注,由于公允价值的应用,计量成为此次准则修改中的一大亮点。公允价值在我国的运用经历了由最初的引入到几年后的回避再到新会计准则的重新采用一波三折的曲折过程,本文将对我国重新采用公允价值的动因进行分析。     

公允价值的决策有用性:从经济分析视角的思考

公允价值自提出之日起就备受各国准则制定机构的青睐和重视,但在这次国际金融危机中却备受责难,因此,更加值得学术界从不同的角度对公允价值计量属性进行全面、深入的考察和分析。本文从经济分析的视角,对公允价值的决策有用性进行了探讨,从信息观与计量观两个角度分析了公允价值计量、资产负债表公允价值估值和公允价值利润的决策有用性问题,研究结论支持公允价值的决策有用性,并认为我国在新会计准则体系中全面、适当、谨慎地引入公允价值,既具有理论支持,也能够体现会计信息的决策有用性的目标。     

新会计准则下公允价值会计理论的研究

与提高会计信息质量的相关性相适应,完善和应用公允价值计量是一种趋势。作为五大计量属性之一,基于理论上的局限性,应用上大量的假设和前提,公允价值计量是可供选择的计量方法之一。因此,要积极、稳妥地推进公允价值的计量,提高会计信息的质量,更好地服务于经济发展。     

公允价值会计研究

公允价值的实质是客观价值,公允价值会计在本质上是强调对资产客观价值的计量.在资产计价究竟是价值还是价格的问题上,价值计量与价格反映并不矛盾.从货币作为统一的计量尺度以来,资产计价就是价值计量,而价值计量的结果是价格.对资产公允价值计量的结果是资产的现行市价.公允价值会计的真正创意有两点:一是资产计价必须坚持客观价值计量,价格要能真正反映资产客观价值;二是资产计价必须立足于现在时点,坚持动态的反映观.公允价值会计是会计反映从静止观点向运动观点转变的开始,是科学的会计反映观的开始.     

金融危机背景下的公允价值会计问题研究

公允价值会计因被指责具有"顺周期效应"而成为全球注目的焦点。本文论述了顺周期效应的根源,即财务报告与金融监管政策的关联性和次贷产品的复杂性;剖析了当前公允价值会计争论的实质,即金融工具是否应按公允价值计量。文章揭示了金融机构欲在金融工具领域废止公允价值会计、更广泛地应用摊余成本的动机,并在阐述美国金融工具计量实务历史经验的基础上,论证了"将扩大公允价值应用确定为金融工具会计长期目标"的正确性。文章还论述了识别非活跃市场和强迫交易的途径。     

论公允价值与会计稳健性的兼顾

2006年财政部颁布了新的会计准则,最大的特点就是全面引入了公允价值计量属性。公允价值计量的引入,有利于提高会计信息的决策有用性和价值相关性。但是由于公允价值固有的不确定性及确认传统会计中不予确认的未实现的收益等,会对会计信息的稳健性产生影响。因此,深入系统探讨公允价值会计信息的稳健性问题,有着重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文从相关理论及研究文献的回顾出发,通过分析公允价值的不确定性及风险性,认为公允价值会计信息在稳健性方面存在一定的缺陷,提出通过合理确定两者使用顺序和充分披露等方法,确保公允价值信息在提高信息决策的相关性方面又能兼顾稳健性。     

Fair Value Accounting Compared to Other Accounting Systems

Abstract

It is well known that the total profit generated from an insurance product is fixed (unless the accounting system affects the product management), but the incidence of reported profit varies depending on the accounting system used and the way that assumptions are set and reset. The purpose of this paper is to take a very simple product (a single-premium deferred annuity (SPDA) with no special features) and follow its earnings over a 15-year period. We will examine the volatility of earnings under Fair Value (FV) accounting as proposed by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), as we understand it, and U.S. GAAP and U.S. Statutory accounting. Additionally, we will examine how each of the accounting systems is impacted by the choice of a lapse assumption. We have the additional objective of simplicity, to produce a model that the reader can relate to and whose calculations can be reproduced with nominal effort.     

Fair Value Accounting and Stewardship*

Current standards define fair value as the market price at which an asset could be sold or a liability could be settled in the normal course of business. Setting aside measurement issues, assessing the relevance of exit values has intensified in recent years as fair value becomes a pervasive component of accounting regulation. The current debate about accounting measurement is framed in terms of making a choice between fair value and historical cost. In this article I argue that this is not a correct framing of the issues; knowledge of fair value alone cannot help investors to evaluate stewardship, because they would not know how much resources the management had sacrificed to obtain that fair value. To properly evaluate stewardship, investors need both types of information, historical cost and fair value.Using this information, a rate‐of‐return‐like index of stewardship quality is proposed. This commentary concludes with a statement about three significant drawbacks of relying solely on fair value accounting.     

Performance Reporting under Fair Value Accounting

Abstract

This paper compares performance measurement under fair value accounting vs. U.S. GAAP accounting. As illustrated in the paper, the main difference between fair value accounting and U.S. GAAP accounting lies in the treatment of gains and losses on both assets and liabilities. Fair value accounting would report all gains and losses on both assets and liabilities in the period in which they arise. U.S. GAAP on the other hand, recognizes gains and losses over the life of the block of business (or at the time of a transaction). When net gains and losses on assets and liabilities are immaterial, the pattern of earnings under both systems can be quite similar. However, If a company is generating significant gains or losses on its net book of business (such as in the case of an asset/liability mismatch), fair value accounting will reveal this much sooner than U.S. GAAP. When the full impact of its actions (including gains and losses) is reported in the current period, management is in a better position to understand how the value of the company is changing and adjust its decisions accordingly. This is one of the main reasons for moving to a fair value system and is expected to be a major benefit if fair value accounting is ultimately adopted.     

公允价值会计与市场波动

2008年金融危机的爆发,使得公允价值会计倍受关注。一个焦点问题是:公允价值会计是否会加剧市场波动。我们针对2007—2011年中国A股市场的情况对这一问题进行了实证研究,主要结论如下:1)股价能够反应公允价值会计信息,且在市场波动期比平稳期反应更显著;2)公允价值会计信息与波动率之间的正相关关系在市场波动期比在平稳期更加显著;3)波动率与公允价值会计信息的正相关性主要出现在长周期上。     

金融危机与公允价值会计:源起、争论与思考

本文探讨了金融危机与公允价值会计争论的背景、焦点和原因。文章从会计计量中采用公允价值是否优于历史成本、为什么会计会对金融稳定产生影响、会计如何与金融监管相协调并在金融稳定中发挥作用等三个方面进行了思考,为我国企业正确认识和运用公允价值会计提供了参考。     

Fair Value Accounting and Managers' Hedging Decisions

We conduct two experiments with experienced accountants to investigate how fair value accounting affects managers’ real economic decisions. In experiment 1, we find that participants are more likely to make suboptimal decisions (e.g., forgo economically sound hedging opportunities) when both the economic and fair value accounting impact information is presented than when only the economic impact information is presented, or when both the economic and historical cost accounting impact information is presented. This adverse effect of fair value accounting is more likely when the price volatility of the hedged asset is higher, which is a situation where, paradoxically, hedging is more beneficial. We find that the effect is mediated by participants’ relative considerations of economic factors versus accounting factors (e.g., earnings volatility). Experiment 2 shows that enhancing salience of economic information or separately presenting net income not from fair value remeasurements reduces the adverse effect of fair value accounting. Our findings are informative to standard setters in their debate on the efficacy of fair value accounting.