工资差异均值分解的一种新改进

本文在评述Oaxaca、Blinder、Cotton和Neumark等学者关于“指数基准问题”（indexnumberproblem）研究之演进及其局限的基础上,提出并论证了一种更具解释力的“无歧视工资结构”新形式,以更准确地推断Oaxaca—Blinder分解中歧视的大小程度。文章在对指数基准进一步挖掘、矫正和逼近的同时,从理论抽象和现实操作两个层面优化了工资差异的均值分解,深化了对歧视的理解和刻画。     

工资差异分解方法述评

工资差异分解方法发展到今天,可谓均值分解和分布分解共分其天下.均值分解方法呈Oaxaca-Blinder分解及其改进、Brown分解及其改进和JMP1991分解"三足鼎立"的局面,而Oax-aea-Blinder分解则是最基础也是最经典的一种方法.分布分解方法主要由JMP1993分解、DFL分解、MM2005分解、FL1998分解、Lemieux分解、Q-JMP分解和FFL分解"七剑合璧",其中前三种方法尤具奠基性.本文系统地梳理了这些分解方法之间的传承联结,以期形成一幅较为完整的工资差异分解方法演进的向导图.     

在编人员工资更高吗?——对中国公共部门编制性工资差异及演变的考察

双轨制用工是我国公共部门人事管理的重要特征.文章利用2011年、2013年和2015年中国家庭金融调查数据,考察了我国公共部门双轨制用工导致的工资差异及演变趋势.研究发现:(1)编制内外员工的工资存在显著差异,在编人员工资显著高于非在编人员;(2)禀赋差异引起的工资差距大于特征回报差异引起的工资差距,工作经验是引起公共部门编制性工资差异的最重要因素,同时教育年限、政治面貌和职务也对公共部门编制性工资差异有重要影响;(3)公共部门的编制性工资差异存在异质性,主要表现为低工资群体的编制性工资差异大于高工资群体;与事业单位相比,政府部门的编制性工资差异更大,对非在编人员的歧视更严重.基于以上发现,在推动行政改革和取消事业编制的大环境下,文章的研究可为公共部门的编制改革提供实证经验和参考依据.     

论工资歧视与歧视工资——基于经济租金的视角

工资歧视与歧视工资是两个不同概念,但理论上至今未对二者进行清晰界定和区分,应还原工资歧视的经济学本意.目前学术界将不同群体的系统性工资差异普遍解释为歧视原因的观点是错误的,其中应包含无歧视倾向的工资歧视.对二者区分有助于寻求经济机制以减轻工资歧视、缩小收入差距和避免劳动者过度维权.本文用经济租金剖析了二者的经济原因,用Rubinstein模型分析了劳资双方经济租金分配中二者形成的经济机制.主要结论:二者的经济动因都是经济租金;工资歧视是企业利润最大化时自发经济行为和工资策略;歧视工资由歧视行为和经济租金双重引发;不同群体工资差异由工资歧视与歧视工资组成;应将工资出价而不是工资结果作为歧视的判别标准;应将经济租金纳入税基并实行累进税率以缩小工资差距.     

基于户籍制度的教育回报差异:对工资歧视的再考察

利用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,分析了我国东南部十一个省份就业者基于户籍制度的收入差异。户口类型对于工资的影响可以被不同户口类型人群的教育回报差距所解释。不同户口类型人群间教育回报的差距随着教育年限的下降而显著扩大。这一结果支持了在解释基于户籍制度的工资歧视的合理性方面信息经济学的有关理论。我国城乡间义务教育水平的差距引起了基于户籍制度的教育回报差异,进而导致了基于户籍类型的工资歧视。     

性别工资差异的理论应用与实践发展

性别工资差异是世界各国劳动力市场上普遍存在的现象。现有文献从理论与实证角度证明,个体人力资本差异、劳动力市场歧视行为、女性的共同禀赋、劳动力市场的分割特征以及行业特征与政府行为等是性别工资差异产生的主要原因。因此,为逐渐消除性别工资差异提供理论依据,未来的主要研究方向是:进一步拓展性别工资差异因素分解的方法,采用多学科的交叉和渗透方法深入研究性别工资差异问题,并探寻有效解决性别工资差异的政策措施与制度保障。     

工资问题的研究新进展

本文分4个维度梳理了近年来国外学者对工资问题的新研究进展:一是工资上涨的产业竞争力后果;二是工资结构的演进趋势及绩效后果;三是工资的决定因素;四是工资压力的应对措施。在今天中国工资上涨的特殊背景下,梳理上述研究成果可以为相关政策的制定提供参考。     

中国劳资关系的城乡户籍差异

本文利用最近的企业和农民工调查数据探讨了劳资关系城乡户籍差异问题。城乡工人在劳资关系各方面的巨大差异源于两个方面 :一是人力资本水平差异和就业企业的差异 ;二是农民工受到的户籍歧视。研究结果发现 ,前者解释了两类工人劳资关系差异的 70 %— 80 % ,说明人力资本和企业状况是决定工人待遇的主要因素 ;后者解释了两类工人劳资关系差异的 2 0 %— 3 0 % ,户籍歧视所造成的差距同样是不容忽视的。除劳动合同方面外 ,农民工在工资、养老保险、医疗保险、失业保险以及工会参与等方面均遭到户籍歧视。研究结果暗示仅仅关注工资收入的城乡歧视是不够的 ,同时也为更全面的劳动力市场校正政策提供了经验支持     

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF INTER-INDUSTRY WAGE DIFFERENTIALS

We use OECD data to examine inter-industry wage differentials (relative wages among industries) for 14 OECD countries over the period 1970–85. We find, first, that the industrial wage structures have shown remarkable stability over time in terms of rank order for all the countries in the sample. Second, despite their rank order stability, wage structures show a tendency to expand or contract. While the U.S. has shown increasing industry wage dispersion between 1970 and 1985, the pattern is very mixed for other countries. Unionization is a significant factor in explaining cross-country differences. Third, industry wage rankings show some evidence of becoming increasingly similar across nations over time, and this movement is associated with a convergence of per capita incomes. Fourth, industry wage differentials are positively related to an industry's productivity growth, output growth, capital intensity, and export orientation.     

WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUALITY: A CAUTIONARY NOTE ON THE JUHN, MURPHY AND PIERCE DECOMPOSITION METHOD

This paper shows how difficult it is to study the roles of discrimination and unobserved skills when studying changes in racial and gender wage gaps over time by examining merits and shortcomings of a popular decomposition method by Juhn, Murphy and Pierce (JMP). The JMP method shows that wage dispersion can offer a compelling explanation of the wage gap. However, JMP have to rely on a few strong assumptions in order to derive their decomposition equation, which introduces wage inequality as the price of unobserved skills (the standard deviation of the residuals) into their decomposition equation.     

一个新的基尼系数子群分解公式-兼论中国总体基尼系数的城乡分解

基尼系数的子群分解公式有多种形式,不同分解公式的实证结论有较大差异。本文分析了群内基尼系数的权数以及群间不平等指标所应具备的基尼系数内涵,提出了一个新的群间不平等指标,从而给出了一个新的基尼系数子群分解公式。利用这个新的基尼系数子群分解公式,本文实证分析了近年来中国总体基尼系数的城乡分解。实证结果表明,农村群间不平等对总体基尼系数的贡献率最大,城镇群内不平等的贡献率不断上升,这是促使中国总体基尼系数不断上升的两个重要因素。     

AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONS AMONG WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, AND TRADE

This article investigates the relations among productivity growth, wage differentials, and net exports in the United States. The time periods considered are the long run and the short run. Cointegration test results indicate that all the test variables are cointegrated. Therefore, productivity growth, wage differentials, and trade are all related in the long run. A short-run investigation of the relations among productivity growth, wage differentials, and trade is conducted within a vector error correction (VEC) estimation structure. The VEC tests indicate that, contrary to the prevailing view, productivity growth and trade have no impact on wage differentials in the short run. At the same time, it is apparent that wage differentials and trade have a positive and statistically significant impact on productivity growth in the United States in the short run.     

A NEW INDEX TO VALUE IN-KIND BENEFITS

In this paper we present a new approach to valuing in-kind benefits and a new index for that valuation. This approach is both individual (or family) specific and assigns a value to benefits for all those eligible for them, whether or not the benefits are actually used. The value is based on observed characteristics of the individual (and family) and location-specific factors likely to influence the value. The index is created for individuals and can be aggregated to obtain a family-specific value. An example of health insurance is used to demonstrate the approach. It is found that the value that single women with children place on health insurance depends on their own health status, the health status of their children, and their poverty status, among other factors.