当前农村合作金融的困境及对策安排

目前农村信用社已存在的商业化、集约化经营趋势是对农业产业化、城乡一体化等外部经济环境变化的必然反应,同时,也基本宣告了以往政策所预期的合作金融的终结。但另一类在产业基础上快速内生的农村新兴信用合作组织,通过广泛的资金互助、信用合作和对接银行,正在逐渐弥补农村信用社留下的合作金融空缺。因此,悉心培育和发展该类信用合作组织,将是未来我国农村合作金融发展的主攻方向。     

农户信用合作融资实现形式优化研究

作为一种内生性融资方式创新，农户信用合作融资在具体实践中，农户信用合作融资实现形式由简单到复杂、由低级到高级的变迁呈现出一个动态的优化过程，其变迁路径顺次为：实现形式的初期实践、自下而上的内生发展、自上而下的政策引导和由内而外的融资创新。“三位一体”综合合作是农户信用合作融资的基本载体，在“自下而上”式信用合作与“自上而下”式信用合作的有机融合中不断创新，展现出与新型农业经营主体发展阶段相匹配的适应性。     

内生于农民专业合作社的资金互助社运行机制分析——基于不同经济发展程度的考察

资金互助社是农村正规金融供给不足的情况下民间内生自发金融创新产生的一种新的制度安排。合作社内部开展资金互助作为民间融资的一种形式是发展合作金融及破解农村金融问题的一种有益探索。基于不同经济发展程度,文章选取安徽省凤阳县燃灯社区黄张资金互助社和浙江省瑞安市农合畜禽产销专业合作社资金互助业务,分析合作社内部开展资金互助的组织优势及两个案例资金互助的运行机制。分析发现,农民组织化与关联性交易是黄张资金互助社有效运行的关键。从农合畜禽产销专业合作社的长远发展出发,外力介入资金互助业务有必要但需满足一定条件。     

我国农村信用合作模式及发展路径

随着我国农业经济的快速发展,农村地区的信用合作活动不断增多,合作范围与规模日益扩大。信用合作模式也从简单的资金余缺调剂,到依附于产供销链条的商业信用互助,以及发展独立的信用合作实体。农村信用合作因为比较有效地解决了农村金融市场信息不对称和高交易成本的问题,呈现出旺盛的生命力,可以并且正在成为农村非正规金融对接正规金融的有效载体。     

信用合作原则与我国农村信用合作体制的成长

信用合作制度是合作社制度的衍生物,其基本原则是:自愿和开放、社员民主管理、社员经济参与。信用合作制度存在的经济基础是:弱势经济群体生存发展的需求,社员直接参与经营管理的要求,社员直接控制“剩余索取权”的要求。为此,在我国信用合作体制重构的过程中,应当着力培育信用合作制度内生动力因素,研究信用合作金融组织与金融风险的关系,处理好信用合作社在农村金融服务体系中的定位。这样,才能充分利用信用合作制度的功能为我国农村经济发展服务     

融资约束下金融互助模式的演进——从民间金融到网络借贷北大核心CSSCISSCI

金融互助是指在群体内部成员之间相互借贷的一种合作形式。面对收入的波动,个人有平滑消费的需求,需要与他人开展金融互助;随着经济的发展,亦需要不断扩大互助范围并拓展新的互助方式。从民间金融范畴的私人借贷、合会,发展到正规金融范畴的信用合作,代表了传统金融互助模式的演进过程。然而,这些模式所依赖的亲缘关系和社区关系因人口流动频繁而日趋衰弱,同时互联网技术的进步降低了借贷双方的信息和搜寻成本,网络借贷这种金融互助模式因而产生。网络借贷通过社区的虚拟化突破了传统社区的地理限制,极大地拓展了金融互助的边界,但难以利用传统的社区监督来约束成员的行为。为防范互联网背景下金融互助行为的风险,可以从实名认证、征信体系建设等多方面入手,并强调其金融互助属性。     

“三位一体”信用合作：浙江瑞安例证

生产、供销、信用“三位一体”综合合作是实现小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接的有效路径,而基于“三位一体”开展信用合作是关键一环。研究发现,浙江瑞安通过构建组织机构体系,规范农村合作金融,强化融资产品供给,加强融资担保增信,加大农业保险扶持,“三位一体”信用合作成效初显。不过,“三位一体”信用合作还应该进一步提升农村金融服务的能力和水平,更好满足农民合作组织多样化、多层次的金融需求,促进小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接。     

运用开发性金融新机制推动欠发达地区经济快速发展

长期以来,欠发达地区的经济发展始终面临着融资难的问题,尤其在定西这样的西部贫困地区就显得更为突出.国家开发银行甘肃省分行以支持地方经济发展为已任,充分运用开发性金融理论,从信用建设、创新机制人手,将开发性金融的融资优势和地方政府的组织优势结合起来,共建信用合作体系和偿债保障机制,打造“既支持经济发展,又防范金融风险“的信用和融资平台,探索出了一条开发性金融支持贫困地区发展的新路子.……     

农民专业合作社信用合作行为研究——基于国内相关文献的总结

农民专业合作社若要规范化、高质量地发展离不开金融支持。为解决融资难问题,国家出台一系列政策与文件,鼓励有条件的农民专业合作社通过成立信用合作组织(部门)积极开展信用合作。农民专业合作社信用合作实践基础不断夯实,也为探索农民民间合作金融提供了宝贵经验。论文首先总结农民专业合作社信用合作的产生与现状;其次深入剖析农民专业合作社信用合作的模式与具体操作;与此同时有针对性地提出了农民专业合作社信用合作发展的对策建议。实践证明,农民专业合作社信用合作将在促进农村经济与金融发展中发挥更加积极的作用。     

国外家庭农场金融服务法律制度及对我国的启示

家庭农场作为根植于现代农业生产方式的经营主体,能够有效地提高农业生产力,是乡村振兴的重要载体.由于我国家庭农场金融制度不健全,造成家庭农场资金短缺、发展缓慢,为此,在研究家庭农场政策性金融、合作社信用合作、商业金融和农业保险理论的基础上,借鉴美国、日本家庭农场融资法律制度,提出要规范我国家庭农场法律主体地位,完善政策性金融、合作社信用合作、商业金融和农业保险相关制度,撬动更多的金融资金投入到家庭农场,实现家庭农场融资的"多元化、多层次、广覆盖、可持续"的改革目标.     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Disclosure of government financial information and the cost of local government’s debt financing——Empirical evidence from provincial investment bonds for urban construction

China’s slowing economic growth and rapid urbanization have made local government debt financing a significant issue.This study uses a sample of China’s provinc...     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.