On the Usefulness of Operating Income,Net Income and Comprehensive Income in Explaining Security Returns

This study evaluates the usefulness of three earnings definitions (operating income, net income and comprehensive income) in explaining residual security returns. Usefulness is measured in terms of relative information content and incremental information content. In the former, the goodness-of-fit of the return-earnings relationship is compared under each earnings definition. In the latter, the increase in goodness-of-fit due to additional earnings components is measured. Based on a sample that averages 922 firms a year for 18 years, the analysis shows that operating income weakly dominates net income, and that both operating income and net income dominate comprehensive income, in information content. The results also show that those items that account for the difference between net income and operating income have incremental information content, but not those between net income and comprehensive income. The practical and academic contributions of these findings are discussed.     

城市化与城乡收入差距

城乡收入差距扩大是我国收入分配领域目前存在的突出问题 ,并且成为制约经济发展的重要障碍。本文揭示了城市化滞后是导致城乡收入差距扩大的根本原因 ,提出加速城市化进程是缩小城乡收入差距的战略性措施     

内蒙古城乡居民收入差距与经济增长关系的协整分析

本文通过内蒙古1978—2010年的历史数据,运用协整、误差修正模型和Granger因果关系分析对内蒙古城乡居民收入差距与经济增长关系进行实证研究,结果表明：内蒙古城乡居民收入差距与经济增长之间存在协整关系,并且经济增长是引起城乡居民收入差距的格兰杰原因,城乡居民收入差距不是引起经济增长的格兰杰原因。可见,缩小城乡差距、统筹城乡发展,对于实现城乡经济发展、构建和谐社会具有重要的现实意义。     

Migration,wages and income taxes

We analyze labor migration flows between two countries (regions) with different-sized populations and different levels of productive efficiencies to determine the effects of such flows on income taxation. The residents are heterogeneous because they incur different migration costs, although they are otherwise identical. Each resident compares her post-tax revenue at home with that obtained abroad, including migration costs, and each country’s government maximizes tax receipts. We study the existence of an equilibrium for any configuration of wages and for any difference in the relative sizes of the countries (regions). Then, we compute and characterize the equilibrium, whenever it exists, for any set of parameters, sizes and wage differentials. Finally, we show that equilibrium migration flows affect the level of income taxation in both the origin and destination countries.     

Taxable income,future profitability,and stock returns

Prior research suggests that investors behave ‘as if’ taxable income contains information about future performance by providing evidence of a positive association between taxable income and stock returns. We draw on the fundamental analysis literature and provide direct evidence on this assertion by examining whether taxable income predicts future pretax performance. We find that taxable income positively predicts future pretax cash flows, pretax book income, and ‘Street’ pretax earnings, suggesting that taxable income provides incremental information to book income regarding performance. Moreover, we find a positive association between taxable income and analysts’ pretax forecasts, consistent with analysts utilizing the information in taxable income when forming earnings expectations. We do not find an association between taxable income and future analyst forecast errors, implying analysts do not overreact or underreact to taxable income's performance signal. Overall, we find that taxable income provides a signal of fundamental value and corroborate the implications of prior research.     

政策性农业保险推广对农民收入的增进效应与作用路径解析--对渐进性试点的准自然实验研究

政策性农业保险作为重要的支农政策工具之一,除了起到农业风险管理作用之外,从长期来看还具有促进农民增收等效应。本文通过对已有文献进行梳理,讨论了政策性农业保险推广对农民收入增加的作用路径,并基于准自然实验的思路,将我国各省开展政策性农业保险试点作为外生冲击,利用2000~2016年的省级数据,使用渐进性双重差分的方法,评估政策性农业保险推广对农村居民收入以及收入结构的长期影响效果。研究发现,政策性农业保险试点对农村居民人均农业收入和人均非农收入的影响均是正向显著的,并且有助于区域内农村居民非农收入比重提高,这一效果随试点时间推进不断强化。此外,本文进一步检验了政策性农业保险推广对于城乡关系的间接效应,发现政策性农业保险试点对城镇居民收入的影响不大,对城乡收入差距缩小具有一定作用。     

收入不平等、政府支出与实际汇率——基于跨国面板数据的研究

已有较多研究讨论了实际汇率的决定因素,而从收入不平等角度出发的研究并不多。本文搜集和整理了172个国家和地区1970年到2016年的跨国面板数据,分析了收入不平等对一国实际汇率的影响,并引入政府支出探究了收入分配对非贸易品部门和实际汇率的影响机制。实证检验结果表明,对于非OECD国家,收入不平等和实际汇率显著负相关,即收入越不平等,实际汇率高估越严重,而在OECD国家中这一现象并不存在。进一步的影响机制分析发现,对于非OECD国家,一国收入不平等加剧会导致该国政府支出增多,从而扩大了非贸易品部门规模,导致非贸易品的相对价格上升,使得实际汇率高估。     

营利性行为界定与完善非营利组织所得税制标准

非营利组织营利性行为所得的税制标准除了必须坚持收入用途标准和相关经营标准外,还必须做如下补充或修正：税收优惠所得上限符合组织绩效最大化目标;高于社会平均劳动报酬的薪酬差额应调增应纳税所得额;不高于无风险投资收益率的出资者回报免征所得税;非限定性净资产增长率超过规定标准的,实行超额累进税率征收净资产税;依社会服务总量确定管理费用的税前扣除额。     

中国农民收入差异分析

本文利用泰尔指数来测算我国农民收入的差异,发现新世纪以来我国农民收入的不平等经历了一个先上升后下降的阶段;进一步对农民收入按来源进行分解发现工资性收入造成的不平等仍是不平等的主要来源,但是财产性收入和转移性收入对不平等的贡献逐年增大,转移支付并没有成为缩小收入差距的一种有效手段;最后文章基于VECM模型研究了抚养系数与工资性收入的长期动态关系,一定程度上解释了造成工资性收入巨大差异的原因.     

共同富裕、贸易开放与中国的代际收入流动性

本文利用2002-2018年期间的中国家庭收入调查数据,系统考察了贸易开放对中国代际收入流动性的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明:(1)从整体上来看,贸易开放显著促进了中国的代际收入流动性,经内生性处理和稳健性检验,这一结论是成立的。(2)贸易开放主要通过促进子代教育、职业向上流动显著提高代际收入流动,但通过激励企业创新、提高子代个人努力程度的两个机制作用不显著。(3)贸易开放显著提高了男性子代的代际收入流动性,对女性子代的影响不显著,与此同时,还具有明显的“弱势群体”特点,显著提高了受教育水平较低子代、低收入家庭子代的代际收入流动性,有助于这类子代跳出“代际低收入传承陷阱”。本文研究提示贸易开放提高了中国的代际收入流动性,有利于促进共同富裕。在继续提高贸易开放水平的同时,应进一步重视提高低收入家庭子代的受教育水平,关注女性子代的收入问题。     

会计之资产负债表债务法探讨

随着"兼容"多种计量属性、以资产负债表为重心的新<企业会计准则>的实施,会计与税法的游戏规则渐行渐远,会计所得与应税所得的差异即所得税会计差异日益扩大,如何顺利地实现二者的衔接与协调,不仅关系到会计信息的质量,也关系到企业所得税的缴纳与征收.     

Skills, Schooling, and Household Income in Ghana

This article examines the impact of cognitive skills on theincome of households in Ghana. It uses scores on mathematicsand English tests to measure cognitive skills and estimatesthe returns to these skills based on farm profit, off-farm income,and total income. The article uses Powell's censored least absolutedeviations and symmetrically trimmed least squares estimatorsto estimate farm and off-farm income. In contrast to Heckman'stwo-step or the Tobit estimator, Powell's estimators are consistentin the presence of heteroscedasticity and are robust to otherviolations of normality. The results show that cognitive skillshave a positive effect on total and off-farm income but do nothave a statistically significant effect on farm income.     

Money,autonomous expenditures,income, and causality in Korea

This paper investigates the directions of causation among autonomous expenditures, income and the money supply for Korea, using a test of causality proposed by Sims. The findings confirm the causal implication of the simple Keynesian approach that autonomous expenditures cause income. The findings reject the causal implication of the quality theory approach, that the money supply causes income.     

Earnings,institutional investors,tax avoidance,and firm value: Evidence from Taiwan

This study examines the valuation of earnings from China and Taiwan by foreign and domestic institutional investors across a sample of Taiwanese electronics firms. We further compare the valuation of firm earnings reported in tax havens and non-tax havens, and whether these firms have changed tax avoidance activities since 2004 when the Taiwanese government enacted stricter auditing of transfer pricing regulation.Our findings show that both operating income from the home country and investment income are positively associated with firm value. Operating income from China, however, is not significantly related to firm value when institutional ownership of the firm exceeds fifty percent. This result indicates that operating income is valued differently, depending on the location from which the income was generated. Non-operating income enhances firm value regardless of the revenue source. We also report that foreign institutional investors favor operating income from domestic and investment sources over earnings generated from non-domestic sources and other non-operating income. Furthermore, our results suggest that firms rearrange reported profits from subsidiaries located in tax havens to affiliates in other countries following the transfer pricing audit guide Taiwan implemented in 2004. Results also indicate firms may have been shifting profits to other low-tax-rate countries, or to countries which do not require firms to pay taxes, even if they are not doing business in that country.     

THE EFFECT OF THE PRODUCTION VOLUME VARIANCE ON ABSORPTION COSTING INCOME

A review of the managerial accounting literature reveals a misconception that the Production Volume Variance (PVV) affects absorption costing (AC) income. This paper uses an innovative presentation of the AC income statement to demonstrate that the magnitude and direction (favourable or unfavourable) of the PVV has no effect on AC income—the PVV Irrelevance Proposition. This paper confirms the real cause of changes in AC income. The literature also implies that the PVV is relevant to the reconciliation of AC and variable costing (VC) income. This paper's unique presentation demonstrates that the PVV is irrelevant to the reconciliation, and in addition, clearly illustrates the real reason for the difference between AC and VC income.     

所得税会计处理:新准则与旧规范的比较分析

财政部新发布的《企业会计准则第18号——所得税》，摒弃了旧规范中所得税会计处理的应付税款法和纳税影响会计法，规定采用资产负债表债务法进行所得税的会计核算，从而导致新准则与旧规范在会计与税法的差异定义、收益确定、所得税费用计算、亏损会计处理等方面存在着很大的差异。新准则基本实现了与国际会计准则的趋同。     

Trends,random walks,and tests of the permanent income hypothesis

Recent studies find that consumption is excessively sensitive to income. These studies assume that income is stationary around a deterministic trend. The data, however, do not reject the hypothesis that disposable personal income is a random walk with drift. If income is indeed a random walk, then the standard testing procedure is greatly biased toward finding excess sensitivity. Moreover, if income follows either a more general non-stationary process or a borderline stationary process, this procedure is also seriously biased.     

Foreign Exchange Risk,Hedging, and Tax-Motivated Outbound Income Shifting

Although outbound income shifting to low-tax jurisdictions provides tax savings, it is often accompanied by nontax costs. In this study, I examine whether foreign exchange (FX) risk constrains tax-motivated outbound income shifting by U.S. multinational corporations. My findings indicate that exposure to greater currency volatility is associated with less outbound income shifting, and this effect is stronger for firms with foreign affiliates using foreign functional currencies. I also investigate whether hedging facilitates outbound income shifting. Consistent with hedging lowering costs associated with exchange rate volatility, I find that U.S. firms that use more currency derivatives tend to shift more income to low-tax foreign jurisdictions. Overall, these findings suggest that FX risk is an important cost of outbound income shifting.     

劳动力异质性与城乡收入差距实证分析

本文主要研究了当存在劳动力异质性时城乡收入差距的动态特征,通过建立无限生命周期（Ramsey）模型,讨论了个人劳动能力随机性差异经济中收入差距的动态演化问题,并基于我国部分地区省级面板数据,构建计量模型实证考察了存在劳动力异质性时,财政支出结构对城乡收入差距的影响。研究表明,当存在劳动力异质性时,不同的财政支出政策会导致城乡收入差距的差异性变化,社会收入流动性下降,经济中存在一个稳定均衡的持续性不平等状态。     

个人所得税地区间汇算清缴方法研究

综合与分类相结合的个人所得税制改变了个人所得税按来源地缴纳和分享的模式。个人综合所得的所得税征收时实行预扣预缴和次年汇算清缴制度。当个人综合所得来源于多个地区时,需要在不同预扣预缴地区间进行汇算清缴。如何在不同收入来源地分配税收成为地区间汇算清缴制度设计的重要关键。本文首次从税收创造和税后收益分配角度,建立了两个税收分配的合作博弈模型。比较分析发现,使用解决"破产问题"的方法都是把地区的所得和总税收作为给定的参数,没有考虑地区所得和税收之间的生成关系和累进税率。我们的研究证明夏普利值作为合作博弈的解,具有公平性、效率性和单调性,是个人所得税地区间分配方式的合适选择。