我国家庭农场历史与发展探析

在叙述和分析家庭经营发展历史阶段的基础上,探究了家庭农场这一新型农业经营主体概念提出的背景和原因,接着对家庭农场规模、劳动力、收入、资金来源等进行了深入分析和探讨,找出家庭农场区别其他经营主体的几大特点.在家庭农场概念、特点的基础上,对目前家庭农场发展遇见的问题和困难进行了分析,并提出相应的解决建议.     

农机社会化服务采纳、禀赋差异与农村经济相对贫困缓解

进入以缓解相对贫困为重点的后扶贫时代，农村经济相对贫困问题仍不容忽视。农机社会化服务作为小农户与现代农业有机衔接的桥梁，对于推进乡村振兴战略和脱贫攻坚有序衔接具有重要作用。文章讨论的核心议题是农机社会化服务采纳如何缓解农村经济相对贫困，并尝试建立了“农机社会化服务采纳——禀赋差异缩小——农村经济相对贫困缓解”的理论分析框架。为此，文章首先对农机社会化服务采纳影响农村经济相对贫困的作用机制进行了理论分析，然后利用2750份河南省农户问卷调查数据，运用Logit模型，实证检验农机社会化服务采纳对农村经济相对贫困的影响，并通过替代核心自变量和变更样本的方法进行稳健性检验，运用PSM模型和IVProbit模型以及ERM模型进行内生性讨论，最后通过中介效应模型对其作用机制进行验证。结果表明，农机社会化服务采纳对农村经济相对贫困具有显著负向影响，缓解了农村经济相对贫困。考虑内生性后，结论仍具有稳健性。进一步的机制验证发现，农机社会化服务采纳通过缩小劳动力禀赋差异和技术禀赋差异，缓解农村经济相对贫困，劳动力禀赋差异缩小和技术禀赋差异缩小的中介效应占比分别为21.22%和7.36%。可见，应将完善农机社会化服务供需体系纳入农户相对贫困治理机制考虑范畴，引导农户从传统家庭化生产转向现代社会化生产，扩大农机社会化服务采纳范围；同时完善就业服务等相关配套体系以吸纳释放的弱劳动力，促进农户收入增长，缓解农村经济相对贫困。     

Growth or stagnation? Farming in England, 1200–1800

Estimates of English income in Broadberry et al.’s British economic growth, 1270–1870 are founded upon a fourfold growth of farm output, and output per farm worker, over this interval. This article shows, using four separate tests, that farm output growth must have been much more limited. The tests are, first, whether in 1300 there was enough work at harvest to employ all the labour force; second, whether the value of output per worker in agriculture was greater than the annual earnings of workers; third, whether the implied relative outputs per acre of arable versus pasture were reasonable; and fourth, whether a much shorter medieval work year was possible. An alternative index of farm output consistent with the labour supply, wages, and farm rents is derived. This shows much less growth during the period 1270–1800. Overall economic growth in England during these years must consequently have been far less than Broadberry et al. estimate.     

Farmer education and farm efficiency in Nepal: The role of schooling,extension services,and cognitive skills

This study uses data from Nepal to ascertain the relation between education and farmer efficiency. It finds a positive effect of education on efficiency for three major crops, but only with the recently introduced wheat crop is the effect statistically significant at standard levels. The data provide no evidence that education's effects should be attributed, even in part, to family background correlates or to a measure of ability. Among the cognitive outcomes of education, numeracy is found to affect productivity in wheat production (as well as the propensity to be growing wheat at all). Measures of farmer modernity and agricultural knowledge are not found to be correlated with farm efficiency. Calculations from the results suggest that a one-standard- deviation improvement in the numeracy test score has a present value that is high relative to the probable cost of effecting such an improvement.     

中国家族制企业与企业文化

发达国家家族制企业与中国家族制企业在管理模式和企业绩效等方面存在巨大差距。差距产生的根源是中国家族制企业不具备现代良好的企业文化。中国的家族制企业文化的建立必须与中国优秀文化接轨,才能发挥其积极作用。在中国建立优秀的家族制企业文化,可以选择三个突破口。     

Modern secondary education and economic performance: the introduction of the Gewerbeschule and Realschule in nineteenth‐century Bavaria†

Do new school types focusing on practical and business‐related knowledge lead to increased economic performance? To analyse this question, this article examines the introduction of two types of modern secondary education, the Gewerbeschule and its successor, the Realschule, in nineteenth‐century Bavaria. Since the opening of these schools is arguably endogenous—as it was mainly the large, prosperous cities that opened one—the estimated treatment effect capturing the economic influence of the Gewerbeschule/Realschule will lead to biased results. To alleviate this bias, propensity score matching is adopted to compare relatively similar counties with and without these schools. Using historical county‐level data on tax revenues, business formations, employment structure, and patent holdings, ordinary least squares regression analysis shows that the opening of a modern secondary school is in general positively associated with economic performance several years later.     

The Role of Off‐Farm Labor Participation Decisions of Married Farm Couples on Farm Direct Marketing in Taiwan

Direct marketing from farm producers to consumers has been seen as a viable business option to increase farm income. This study investigates the factors that determine a farm's direct marketing decisions; special attention is paid to understanding the correlation between farm couples' off‐farm labor participation and the farm's adoption of direct marketing strategies. A nationally representative dataset of 3,670 married family farm couples in Taiwan is used as an illustration. A multiple choice treatment effect model is estimated to cope with endogeneity bias. The results indicate a significant association between farm couples' off‐farm labor decisions and the farm's adoption of direct marketing strategies. Moreover, gender difference is evident: farm husband's (wife's) off‐farm work is positively (negatively) associated with the farm's direct marketing decision.     

专利购买、家族控制与技术创新

在中美贸易摩擦的背景下专利购买是家族企业获取外部技术资源的一条经济、合法的途径。 选取沪深两市467 家上市家族公司为研究样本，以2015 年的专利购买数据为研究对象，考察家族 企业专利购买与技术创新之间的关系。研究发现：专利购买对家族企业技术创新具有促进作用， 对家族企业研发投入无抑制作用；家族控制权以及控制权与现金流权分离度负向调节专利购买对 技术创新的促进作用。研究还发现：造成上述结果的原因是专利购买后家族企业研发投入效率提高， 家族企业专利购买金额占研发投入比例较低，对研发投入的挤出效应不明显。因此，充分利用专 利购买获取外部技术资源，是迅速提升我国家族企业技术创新能力的有效措施     

农村家庭人力资本投资:基于现状与基本模型的框架分析

现代经济发展的大量实践表明,人力资本是一国经济发展速度和水平的最终决定因素。在农业现代化以及工业化和城市化的进程中,农村人力资本投资的增长是关系到劳动力素质提高,生活与就业条件改善,以及促进我国国民经济与社会长期稳定发展的重大课题。本文主要从农村居民家庭的微观角度,分析了农村人力资本投资的现状、影响因素以及农村家庭如何进行人力资本投资决策,在此基础上提出了改善农村人力资本投资不足的政策与措施。     

Ronald Finlay,Rolf G. Henriksson,Hkan Lindgren & Mats Lundahl (eds), Eli Heckscher,International Trade and Economic History

Abstract

The great world economic and globalisation boom of the pre-First World War era was accompanied by great inequality in the distribution of income and wealth particularly during industrialisation, with the new world European settler economies being no exception. Canadian wealth inequality over the period 1870–1930 was also substantial and is examined using probated estates from the Eastern Judicial District of the province of Manitoba and Wentworth County, Ontario. However, wealth inequality is found to be less pronounced in frontier Manitoba relative to Ontario with higher and more dispersed rates of land ownership in the West as well as lower wealth levels and greater farm employment, as the key factors in this difference. This suggests that the farm economy of pre-First World War Canada was associated with greater equality of wealth. One of the inevitable effects of Canadian industrialisation and economic development was a rise in wealth inequality but the process of western settlement and associated free grants helped mitigate it. By extension, global economic inequality might also have been mitigated during this period by the presence of agricultural frontiers with subsidised land grants.     

Socio-Economic Impact of Super Typhoon Harurot in San Mariano, Isabela, the Philippines

This paper reports on the socio-economic effects and coping mechanisms of farm households affected by super typhoon Imbudo in San Mariano, Isabela, the Philippines. Estimations of economic losses are given based on 150 interviews among the rural population. The relative loss per crop as part of the annual household income for yellow corn, banana, and rice were 64%, 24%, and 27%, respectively. Unexpectedly, most farm households did not change their agricultural strategies and continued with “business as usual” (78%). The main explanation for this lack of adaptation is found in the cultural and societal structure of farm households and their traders. This paper concludes with a short-term and long-term vulnerability and resilience analysis for the households, the socio-agricultural system, and the ecological system.     

Interdependent investments in attached and movable assets under insecure land rights

The literature concludes that insecure land rights cause farms to make suboptimal capital investment in attached assets, but not in movable assets, implicitly assuming attached and movable assets to be independent. However, the two asset types can be interdependent because the operational efficiency of movable assets, such as farm machinery, typically depends on field conditions, such as land fragmentation. Thus, investment in attached assets may affect investment in movable assets via farm infrastructure. I develop a conceptual model to explain why tenure insecurity may lead a farm to under-invest in attached assets and over-invest in low-efficiency movable assets relative to the secure-land-right scenario. To quantify the economic significance of investment inefficiency, I collect unique survey data on large-scale farms, for which machinery is of particular importance in production, in Southwest China where land tenure remained insecure in 2016. Simulations based on the large-farm survey data suggest that the suboptimal investment occurs given fairly small probabilities of losing some farmland and results in considerable economic losses. The findings have important policy implications regarding land reforms and farm infrastructure in developing economies.     

Financial impact of wheat quality standards on South African wheat producers: A dynamic linear programming (DLP) approach

The South African wheat industry has been under pressure in recent years from global economic instability and a fast-changing domestic policy environment. This has manifested itself in declining wheat production and profitability at the farm level. Wheat quality plays a key role in wheat buying decisions, with quality improvements correlating negatively with yield and, ultimately, productivity. Yet any new wheat cultivar released for commercial production must still meet the standards of the country’s wheat classification system, which has led to wheat sometimes being imported in the face of a domestic shortfall. This situation has inevitably led to tension within the industry and affected both performance and pricing. Using various data sources and a dynamic linear programming (DLP) approach, this paper takes an in-depth look at the link between wheat quality and yield, with a view to determining the impact of wheat quality standards (ceteris paribus) on the profitability of South African wheat producers. Results indicated that were these classification discrepancies removed, the country-wide effect on net farm income is estimated to range between ZAR606 million and ZAR920 million per annum.     

Grain subsidy,off-farm labor supply and farmland leasing: Evidence from China

This study investigates the impact of direct grain subsidy and off-farm labor supply on farmland leasing options in China, using multinomial logit and farm household-level data. Results show that the grain subsidy has a significant and positive effect on both leasing out and leasing in farmland in rural China. Rural households with an increased share of full-time off-farm workers are more likely to lease out farmland and less likely to lease it in. Older operators and households with less educational attainment are less likely to lease in farmland. Large farms are likely to both lease out and lease in farmland. Finally, the Land Shareholding Cooperative System (LSCS) plays an important role in China's farmland leasing market.     

FARM SIZE AND THE INTENSITY OF LAND USE IN GUJARAT

This paper investigates why smaller farms appear to use landmore intensively than larger farms in India Using data from400 farms in Gujarat, we find the inverse relationship betweenoutput per hectare and farm size is explained by regional variationsin fertility and labour supply. Within villages larger farmsproduce a little more output per hectare with much less labourper hectare This is explained by the relative abundance of familylabour on small farms. Family size impacts positively on farmlabour demand, suggesting perhaps a wedge between the opportunitycost of family labour and the wage of hired labour.     

Monetary integration between the Israeli,Jordanian and Palestinian economies

Monetary Integration between the Israeli, Jordanian and Palestinian Economies. —The peace process between Israel and the Palestinians raises some interesting economic questions concerning integration between the West Bank, Gaza and Israel. Past and current arrangements between Israel, the occupied territories and Jordan are described, especially the flows of goods and labour. The authors’ findings indicate that Israel, the West Bank and Gaza were closely integrated, whereas economic integration between the occupied territories and Jordan was much weaker. Based on these circumstances of the past, the (imposed) monetary union between Israel and the Palestinian economy was warranted. However, optimal monetary arrangements in the future will depend on the extent of changes in real flows and on a satisfactory settlement of the seigniorage issue.     

精英身份与农民创业：趋名还是逐利？

农村精英群体因具有独特的优异特质和能力素养成为农村创业的主力军，但是农村精英能否通过创业实现"名利双收"？学术界尚无定论。文章利用上海财经大学"千村调查"的数据得到以下研究结论：①农村精英的创业并非纯粹的"逐利"行为，而是追随内在的"趋名"导向，农村精英创业主要是为了实现家庭社会地位的提高、村落人缘水平的改善、村落话语权的增加等非经济目标，这种"趋名"导向使得创业者配置于经济目标的注意力资源相对不足，进而制约了其"逐利"目标的实现。②随着家庭经济资本的增加，农村创业者的精英身份对经济目标的注意力配置不足问题将得到有效缓解，即丰裕的家庭经济资本将弱化精英身份对实现经济目标的制约效应；同时，家庭经济资本的增加将进一步强化精英身份对非经济目标的提升作用。③随着外部制度环境的完善，精英身份对农民创业经济目标的注意力配置不足问题将得到有效缓解，即完善的外部制度环境将弱化精英身份对实现经济目标的制约效应；同时，外部制度环境的完善将强化农村精英群体对非经济目标的追求。本文基于创业动机理论与注意力基础观分析了精英身份在农民创业过程中的经济效应与非经济效应，探讨了农村精英群体在"趋名"与"逐利"之间的权衡与取舍，并将家庭经济资本与外部制度环境纳入研究框架，构建了一个较为系统的农民创业模型，丰富了农民创业理论的研究范畴。     

Dutch Economic Growth in Comparative-Historical Perspective, 1500–2000

Our knowledge of nineteenth century Dutch economic performance has been greatly improved by recent research. However, the interpretation of long-run Dutch economic development requires a reexamination of the concepts and generalizations used by economists, which derive mostly from the study of other nations, especially Britain. This article proposes both a reassessment of Dutch economic performance in the very long run, and a reconsideration of the concept of modern economic growth.     

Relative earnings of husbands and wives in urban China

This paper studies the relative contribution of Chinese husbands and wives to the family income in the process of economic transition. We find that the role of urban husbands as the main financial supporters of their families becomes relatively more important during economic transition. We argue that this trend may have reflected the restoration of the functions of household production and labor market in the process of economic transition. This restoration allows households to allocate time, effort and human capital investment for each household member and for each household and market activity in a more efficient way.     

Asset Accumulation in Rural Households during the Post‐Showa Depression Reconstruction: A Panel Data Analysis*

This paper investigates asset accumulation in Japanese farm households during reconstruction following the Showa Depression. After the Showa Depression, farm households emphasized accumulation of cash and quasi‐money rather than productive assets. The accumulation of cash and quasi‐money is consistent with the buffer stock hypothesis. Evidence regarding accumulation of livestock, which is sometimes used as the buffer stock in modern developing countries, is not conclusive. The presence of well‐developed financial institutions in prewar Japan may have allowed farm households to smooth consumption via cash and quasi‐money.