博弈视角下联合创新策略及协调机制研究

为分析研发企业与创新企业协同创新,本文构建上下游联合创新的博弈模型。基于此博弈模型,首先分析研发创新努力成本系数对创新努力程度、单位委托研发成本、单位产品销售价格、销售量和收益的影响;进一步,对比分析集中决策与分散决策对上下游联合创新的影响结论;最后,给出上下游联合创新的协调机制,实现上下游联合创新合作机制。研究主要得到结论：研发企业进行创新时,会通过提高单位产品委托研发费用来转移其研发成本;集中决策时创新努力程度大于分散决策时创新努力程度,集中决策时收益大于分散决策时收益之和;收益共享契约可以实现上下游联合创新,使上下游收益达到整体最优。     

资本结构和投资行为——基于我国上市公司的实证研究

本文对企业的资本结构,对企业投资决策的影响做了分析,并利用我国上市公司的数据进行了实证研究.本文的研究结果表明,在我国上市公司中,企业的资本结构或者说企业的负债情况影响着企业的投资行为,企业的资本结构比率与企业投资水平间存在显著的负相关关系,并且这种负相关关系在低成长性企业中表现得尤为强烈.本文的稳健性检验也表明,这种负债与投资间的负效应关系对于资本结构比率的不同度量方法,在不同的计量模型下以及控制了行业因素后都是稳定的.     

开放源代码创新模式探析:基于合作R&D的视角

开放源代码创新中,技术研发由志愿者通过网络合作完成,创新成果向所有人开放,对传统RD理论提出了挑战。本文通过建立合作RD模型,对开放源代码创新进行了研究,得到以下结论:(1)传统合作RD企业产品的替代性和企业之间的竞争对合作溢出效应有消散作用,抑制了企业的研发投资;(2)开放源代码产品的互补性使得企业(个人)研发支出与合作溢出形成正反馈,从而增加了研发投资和社会总福利。     

政府干预、金融错配与企业创新——基于制造业上市公司的研究

本文建立了一个存在金融错配的厂商创新模型， 并将政府干预引入模型， 分析发现金融资源错配抑制了制造业企业的创新。而政府干预的影响是复杂的， 取决于政府干预手段对企业的直接作用以及其通过影响金融资源配置对企业的间接作用， 且这两种作用通常是相反的， 即金融错配会削弱政府干预对企业创新的影响。本文运用 2010～2016 年间制造业上市企业的微观数据验证了上述结论， 并且发现非国有企业和技术密集型产业具有更高的研发强度。指出加大对技术密集型产业和民营企业的金融资源配置和政府补助，加快竞争性国有企业行业改革等政策有助于促进企业的创新。     

债权人监督、负债融资与企业 R & D 投资--基于我国高科技上市公司的实证研究

之前的研究发现负债融资阻碍了企业的R&D投资,本文从债权人监督的角度对负债融资与R&D投资之间的关系进行进一步的解释。本文研究发现,受到债权人监督较少的商业信用对企业的R&D投资几乎没有影响,而受到监督较多的银行信贷则严重阻碍了R&D投资。然而,在银行信贷监督较少的国有企业以及自有资金较多的企业中,银行信贷却不会影响企业的R&D投资。本文的研究结果表明,负债融资对R&D投资的影响效果受到债权人监督能力的影响,监督力强的债权人更有能力影响企业的决策,从而导致企业R&D投资的减少,而监督力弱的债权人则不会影响企业的R&D投资。     

市场化进程 负债融资与公司过度投资行为研究

选取2005-2010年1506家中国A股上市公司为研究样本,从总负债、负债期限、负债来源三个方面进行实证检验,结果表明:负债融资总体上能够抑制过度投资行为;长期负债和短期负债都有效地制约了经理人的无效投资行为;与商业信用相比,银行借款的负债约束作用强得多,这表明银行的同源性特征并未影响银行借款对经理人投资行为的约束作用;公司所处地区市场化程度越高,负债越能对企业过度投资行为发挥治理作用。     

政府补助、信贷融资与中小企业创新投资力实证研究

创新是推动中小企业持续发展,获得竞争优势的重要力量。本文就是否影响创新投资的两个因素：政府补助和银行信贷,基于深市中小板的企业样本展开实证研究。研究结果表明：相比科技型中小企业,政府补助或信贷融资更有利于制造型中小企业进行创新投资。另一方面,政府补助对于这两类企业的创新投资都具有正向的驱动作用。但是,单纯信贷融资对于科技型中小企业创新投资的影响作用不显著,对于制造型中小企业的影响甚至是负向的。因此,仅仅依靠银行信贷来推动中小企业创新是不合理的,应该加大政府扶持力度,推动中小企业,特别是制造型中小企业进行创新投资。     

环境不确定性、财务柔性与研发投资——基于中小板上市公司的经验证据

本文以深圳证券交易所 2011～2016 年中小板上市公司为研究样本, 对财务柔性与企业研发投资间的关系进行了理论分析和实证检验, 并将环境不确定性作为调节变量纳入该研究框架, 考察环境不确定性对财务柔性和研发投资的调节作用。研究结果表明： 财务柔性能促进企业研发投资。进一步地,环境不确定性能加强财务柔性对研发投资的促进作用, 环境不确定性程度越高, 财务柔性对研发投资的促进作用越大。这一结论对中小企业创新实践具有一定的理论启示。     

产品创新对生产率的效应分析——以知识型企业为例

在复杂多变的环境下,知识型企业的产品创新影响企业生产率的提高,因此两者之间的效应分析是重要的研究课题。结论证实产品创新与生产率之间呈现出U型非线性关系,其中产品创新主要分为探索式创新和开发式创新两种形式。研究表明,在一个产品创新周期的初始阶段,创新活动以探索式为主,由于新知识领域中的组织学习成本等问题,生产率会下降,探索式创新与生产率之间表现为负效应关系;随着企业效益的增加和新知识的巩固,创新活动以开发式为主,在吸收能力的作用下,开发式创新行为会促进生产率的进一步发展,二者表现为正效应关系。     

隐性契约、专用性投资与资本结构

隐性契约以商品所有权分割为存在前提。专用性投资是企业传递履约动机与履约能力信息的重要通道，受资产专用性与隐性负债导致较高债务融资成本的双重约束，专用性投资应主要依靠权益融资。实证研究表明，专用性投资强度与资本结构呈负相关，隐性契约对资本结构产生影响。本文研究结论为企业融资政策选择提供了新依据。     

基于FDI的产业集群发展模式与动力机制--以浙江嘉善木业集群为例

集群战略日益广泛地被运用于招商引资 ,旨在增强地区对外资的吸引力与粘合力 ,从而促进地方持续发展。浙江嘉善木业集群的经验表明 ,外资能否持续推动地方集群的发展 ,除了受地方制度成本及集群外部效应的影响之外 ,还更取决于外资企业与民营企业之间的融合方式与程度。在学习能力和企业家精神较强的地区 ,民营企业在外资企业的示范带动和竞争压力下 ,能够通过持续的知识积累和自主创新 ,增强并突出自身优势。届时 ,外资企业不但能够获得纯经济外部性 ,还能够获得知识与信息的外部性 ,并受此驱动与地方资本有效融合。     

The influence of firms' technological capabilities on export performance in supplier-dominated industries: the case of ceramic tiles firms

In this paper, we study the effects that firms' technological capabilities, as an expression of their technological innovation strategy, have on their international competitiveness. In doing so, we draw on export and international trade literature to justify the influence that the firms' technological activity has on their export performance. In addition, we use concepts derived from the literature on technological innovation to identify different capabilities that the firms may develop to manage their innovation process, i.e., those related to investment, production and co-operation. These constitute the basis of our hypothesis, in which the technological innovation capabilities identified are related to firms' export performance. Empirical work is carried out on a sample of 88 Spanish exporting firms belonging to the ceramic tiles industry, which is characterized as being a supplier-dominated industry. Data were mainly gathered through a postal survey directed at firm managers. Our findings show that technological innovation capabilities have a positive impact on export performance. Specifically, results show that investment in internal non-R&D innovative activities, such as engineering design and pre-production, exerts a positive influence on export performance. However, neither investment in R&D nor investment in external acquisition of technology exerts any influence on export performance. In addition, our findings show that production capabilities have a positive effect linked to both improvement and imitation of products and processes. Regarding co-operation, export performance is related to capabilities that derive from co-operation with universities and research institutes rather than co-operation with other companies.     

突破性创新、互补性资产与企业间合作的整合研究

主导企业在技术变革中经历了技术劣势后，这种劣势在何种程度上转化为商业劣势取决于突破性创新的破坏幅度。如果新技术只破坏了主导企业的技术能力而没有破坏互补性资产的价值．那么主导企业的绩效将会改进：如果新技术同时破坏了主导企业的技术能力和互补性资产的价值．那么主导企业的绩效将会下滑。正是由于大量突破性创新属于前者并且主导企业控制了大部分的互补性资产．开发了突破性创新的新进入企业只能与主导企业建立合作关系．共同分享创新利润。     

Social and organizational capital: Building the context for innovation

In the light of the key role intellectual capital has for firms' innovation capability, this paper analyzes the influence of two of their dimensions, organizational capital and social capital, on firms' product innovation, and the moderating role of radicalness. Unlike previous studies, the unit of analysis will not be the firm, but the R&D department. Thus, our research, conducted with a sample of Spanish industrial companies, provides a new insight with interesting results. First, our findings show that social capital favours firms' product innovation, especially under radical innovations. Second, organizational capital has an indirect effect on product innovation through positive influence on social capital. This implies that firms can stimulate communication and interaction among people, and therefore innovative activity, by means of explicit and codified knowledge (organizational capital).     

Buyer Market Power and Innovative Activities

This empirical paper deals with the effects of supplier and buyer market concentration on the innovative behavior of suppliers within the German automobile industry. The data set contains firms from all size classes and covers measures of innovation input as well as innovation output. It can be shown that (a) firms' innovation and R & D-employment intensity will decline (increase) in buyer concentrations if supplier markets are low (high) concentrated; (b) buyers' pressure on input prices reduces suppliers' innovation expenditures and their incentive to develop new products; (c) a small number of competitors in suppliers markets and a large stock of customers stimulates innovative behavior; (d) small and medium sized suppliers invest more in their innovative activities but have less probability of realizing innovations than larger firms; and (e) higher technological capabilities lead to higher innovation input and output.     

How does income inequality affect market outcomes in vertically differentiated markets?

The distribution of consumer incomes is a key factor in determining the structure of a vertically differentiated industry when consumer's willingness to pay depends on her income. This paper computes the Shaked and Sutton (1982) model for a lognormal distribution of consumer incomes to investigate the effect of inequality on firms' entry, product quality, and pricing decisions. The main findings are that greater inequality in consumer incomes leads to the entry of more firms and results in more intense quality competition among the entrants. More intense quality competition raises the average quality of products in the market as firms compete for the shrinking share of higher-income consumers. With zero costs of quality improvements and an upper bound on the top quality or when costs of quality are fixed and rise sufficiently fast, greater heterogeneity of consumer incomes also reduces firms' incentives to differentiate their products. Competition between more similar products tends to reduce their prices. However, when income inequality is very high, the top quality producer chooses to serve only the rich segment of the market and charges a higher price. The conclusion is that income inequality has important implications for the degree of product differentiation, price level, industry concentration, and consumer welfare.     

The Effect of Corporate Governance on Investment: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

This study investigates the relation between firms' investment choices and various governance mechanisms, using a sample of real estate investment trusts (REITs). We find evidence that the responsiveness of REITs' investment expenditures to their opportunities depends on their corporate governance structures. Within the set of governance mechanisms that we examine, we find particularly strong links between investment behavior and ownership. Specifically, we find that the investment choices of REITs are more closely tied to Tobin's q if they have greater institutional ownership or if they have lower director and officer stock ownership. These results are consistent with institutional owners monitoring the firm's investment policies as well as with high insider ownership allowing managers to follow their own investment agendas.     

Inward technology licensing and firm performance: a longitudinal study

Inward technology licensing (ITL) is often viewed as an important strategy adopted by firms to achieve innovation. However, relatively limited research has focused on evaluating the contribution of ITL to firm performance. The gap is all the more surprising since the benefits of external technology acquisition on innovation output have been emphasized in a lot of the literature. This study therefore sets out to investigate the extent to which the investment of ITL by firms affects their performance. In view of the relative abundance of data on variables for a longitudinal investigation, this analysis concentrates on the electronics-manufacturing industry. The longitudinal sample allows this examination to control the more extraneous effects and to provide more convincing evidence for examining the relationship of ITL and firm performance. A total of 341 Taiwanese electronics-manufacturing firms balanced over the period from 1998 to 2002 is taken as the analytical sample. The basic statistics indicate that acquiring technology externally shows an increasing tendency within the firms. The analyses, from the least square dummy variable method, reveal that ITL per se does not provide a significant contribution to firm performance; however, the positive impact of ITL on their performance increases with the level of the firms' internal research and development (R&D) efforts. Both the checks for robustness and the split-sample analyses validate the results. The findings not only highlight the importance of internal R&D efforts but also suggest that firms had better use ITL as a complement rather than a substitute of internal R&D for their competence.     

Uncertain regulatory timing and market dynamics

Using a dynamic model of capacity accumulation, I examine the relationship between uncertainty about the timing of a new Pigouvian tax and oligopolistic competition. I find that for some market structures uncertainty about the timing of the regulatory change leads firms to increase investment. These results stem from the nature of the uncertainty and its interaction with firms' strategic incentive to engage in capacity races. They dramatize the importance of accounting for initial conditions when forecasting firms' reactions to anticipated regulatory changes. In addition, I find that more protracted uncertainty leads to greater welfare costs.     

The effect of buyer behaviors on preferred customer status and access to supplier technological innovation: An empirical study of supplier perceptions

Buying firms are increasingly looking to suppliers for technological innovations that enhance the competitive position of their new products. However, extant research provides limited guidance on how buying firms may gain access to suppliers' innovative technologies. To address this gap in the literature, we draw from social exchange theory to posit sequential relationships among buyer behaviors, preferred customer status, and supplier's willingness to share technological innovations. We test our assertions by applying structural equation modeling statistical analyses to survey response data from 233 sales personnel of production good suppliers in the U.S. automotive industry. Whereas our results show that two buyer behaviors – early supplier involvement and relational reliability – positively affect preferred customer status, a third behavior – share of sales – has no effect. In turn, we find that preferred customer status is positively associated with supplier's willingness to share new technology with the buyer. Further, our findings indicate that preferred customer status fully mediates the benefits exchanged within a buyer–supplier relationship. Hence, our study highlights why buyers seeking innovations should take care that their behavior is appropriate for managing suppliers' perceptions. Accordingly, our results provide specific guidance to buyers as to how they may increase their access to suppliers' new technologies.