The methods for building the differentiated balance of the population’s cash incomes and expenditures and the prediction calculations on its basis

The paper describes the methods for building the differentiated performance balances of cash incomes and expenditures for the modern Russian economy, which take into consideration the properties of the available initial statistical information. It gives the indices of differentiated performance balances for 2005 and 2007, including the detailed indices of the population’s expenditures for separate types of goods and services from the angle of decile income groups. The system for the prediction calculations of the indices of the differentiated balance, indices of income differentiation, and size and structure of the poor population is presented.     

International trade and income distribution: reconsidering the evidence

This article reassesses the link between international trade and income distribution. We argue that one way to assess the influence of international trade upon income distribution is to take account of each country’s specific trade patterns by measuring the changes in the factor content of trade. The econometric specification is based on changes in Gini indices (over non-overlapping 4-year intervals), computed exclusively from series drawn from the same source. Our results show that a change in the factor content of trade has a significant impact on income distribution. The sign and magnitude of this impact is conditional on the national income level. We find that an increase in the labor content of trade raises income inequality in poor countries, but reduces it in rich countries (the reverse is true for the capital content of trade). In particular, we show that in the 1980s and 1990s, international trade may have contributed significantly to widening income inequalities in developing countries.     

Income distribution,basic needs and trade-offs with growth: The case of semi-industrialized Latin American countries

This paper addresses income distribution issues and policy options to eliminate extreme poverty in a particular typology of middle-income semi-industrialized developing countries of Latin America. The countries included in the typology are characterized by a relatively high per capita income (above US$700/yr in 1977), a relatively high degree of industrialization (industry representing over 30% of GNP), a rather large size both in population and area, and relatively well endowed resources in agriculture. A distinctive feature is a strong inequality in the distribution of income and wealth relative to other countries of similar levels of per capita income. The countries included are Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru, representing two-thirds of the population of that region.     

Macroeconomic variables and income distribution: Conditional modelling with the generalised exponential

This paper presents a method of examining the effects of macroeconomic variables on the personal distribution of income over time. The approach involves modelling the complete distribution of income in each year using a flexible functional form from the generalised exponential family of distributions. The parameters of the distribution are specified as functions of the macroeconomic variables. It is shown how comparative static analyses, involving the modes and Atkinson inequality measures, can be performed. The method is applied to male New Zealand income distribution data for the period 1985–1994. The rate of unemployment is found to be the primary influence on the form of the distribution. Higher unemployment is found to decrease the modal income and increase the Atkinson inequality measure.     

A Different approach to the measurement of income inequality

This article presents Atkinson indices of racial income inequality for 1954-1989. This approach permits the study of racial inequality and inequality in the overall distribution of income in a consistent framework. The Atkinson index shows that progress towards racial equality stopped much earlier than observation of mean income ratios would suggest and that most of the gains have been eroded.     

Labor market differentiation in a developing economy: An example from urban Juba,Southern Sudan

This study focuses on the nature and determinants of labor market differentiation and household-level poverty in urban Juba, Southern Sudan, using data collected in a recent sample survey of enterprises. It finds that indices of human capital play a significant role in labor market outcomes but imperfections in the product and capital markets lead to a highly skewed distribution of income. Demographic factors at the household level are also important in accounting for economic status. The paper concludes that income differentiation and poverty are much more diverse than the simple formal-informal sector dichotomy of the labor market, which is frequently found in the literature, would predict.     

Roles of Income Polarization,Income Inequality and Ethnic Fractionalization in Social Conflicts: An Empirical Study of Indonesian Provinces, 2002–2012

Previous studies have cited inequality as a major factor relating to conflicts in Indonesia, while consideration of polarization and fractionalization as drivers of conflict is limited. The current paper examined the roles of three indices (polarization, inequality and fractionalization) in explaining the incidence of conflicts in Indonesian provinces over 2002–2012. This study used income (proxied by expenditure) differences to measure polarization and inequality, with subnational data as the unit of analysis. In addition, to complete the analysis, the present study used a variety of socioeconomic indicators as additional control variables. This paper verified that the high degrees of income polarization, ethnic fractionalization and income inequality are associated with the high probability of conflicts in Indonesian provinces. It also found that socioeconomic factors such as poverty, unemployment, population and natural resources, as well as some types of local government spending are significantly associated with conflicts.     

我国居民收入分配的格局——帕雷托分布方法

本文为确定一个时期内总体收入分配或特定部分的收入分配究竟是否趋向两极分化和比较中间收入等级和高收入等级的分配份额提供了方法。用帕雷托分布拟合我国1988年和1995年两年的居民收入分配。发现1995年和1988年相比：（1）没有明显证据表明农村居民收入存在两极分化．城镇居民在排除了收入最低的10％人口后，有明显的两极分化趋向；（2）中间等级收入份额减少。收入向高收入者集中；（3）高收入者内部收入分配差别扩大；（4）社会成员在不同的收入等级之间的流动更加容易。     

A new ordered family of Lorenz curves with an application to measuring income inequality and poverty in rural China

The most common data source on income distribution in China is grouped data. When income data is in grouped form, some acceptable Lorenz model is needed to approximate the underlying Lorenz curve. This paper presents a new family of Lorenz curves and applies the main model in our proposed family of Lorenz curves to income data for rural China over the period 1980 to 2006. We find that the income share of the rural population at the low end of the income scale has been shrinking, income inequality in rural China has increased over time and that income inequality has impeded attempts to reduce poverty. However, the welfare of the rural population is still improving in terms of the generalized Lorenz dominance criterion.     

An Analysis of Welfare Changes in Zimbabwe*

Abstract: This paper presents a brief account of welfare changes in Zimbabwe along the income and education dimensions between 1995 and 2003. Using sequential dominance procedures, we find that education attainment substantially improved over time. However, these gains did not necessarily translate into poverty reduction, rather welfare over the joint distribution of income and education dramatically deteriorated. These results are robust for all education partitions, income thresholds and a broad class of welfare indices. A further inquiry into the factors underlying this apparent disconnection between education and income using decomposition techniques reveals that the increase in poverty incidence cannot be attributed to household characteristics but is reflective of the broader socio‐economic trends prevailing at the time. The decline in economic growth contributed tremendously to the decline in welfare while inequality changes account for a small proportion.     

教育扩张能否改善收入差距？——基于2014年云南省流动人口动态监测调查数据的分析

教育作为人力资本形成的主要因素直接影响个体收入,但对欠发达地区流动人口收入差距的影响鲜有研究。基于2014年云南省流动人口动态监测调查数据,采用工具变量法纠正内生性估计偏误后,分位数回归结果显示,教育收益率显著为正,但随着收入水平条件分位点的提高,教育收益率呈现“U型”变化。即尽管教育扩张能够提升收入整体水平,并不能有效改善收入差距,最终将导致“均值高、方差大”的“二元分配格局”。这意味着仅仅依靠增加教育经费实现的教育扩张并不能有效改善流动人口的收入差距,而应谋求由注重速度和规模的外延式扩张向注重质量和差别对待的内涵式扩张转变。     

The underconsumption economy

This paper considers the dynamics of the consumption of foodstuffs, nonfood items, and paid services. Quantitative and qualitative consumption indices are studied in connection with analysis of the state of internal and external consumption stocks, price level, and income differentiation of the population. The first section is devoted to studies on the tendencies of actual and normative consumption of foodstuffs; the second one1 studies the tendencies of consumption of non-food items, housing, and paid services.     

经济增长与收入分布对新疆城市居民贫困变动的影响

本文采用相对贫困线方法研究新疆城市居民2000年与2003年的贫困变化程度,利用FGT(Foster-Greer-Thorbecke)贫困指数分析了新疆城市居民的贫困率、贫困差距、贫困深度的变化,通过贫困指数FGT变化的分解分析,说明经济增长提高可支配收入有助于减少贫困,收入分布差距的减少也是减少贫困程度的重要因素之一。     

Decomposing inequality under alternative concepts of resources: Greece 1988

The structure of inequality in Greece is analyzed using the information of a survey which contains both consumption and income data. Due to life-cycle factors and measurement errors, the correlation between the two variables is not very high and, hence, an approximation of the “permanent income” of the population members is attempted. Although the level of inequality of the new distribution is substantially lower than the levels of inequality of either the distribution of consumption expenditure or the distribution of disposable income, the structure of inequality in Greece is only slightly affected by the choice of distribution.     

Income and consumption inequality in China: A comparative approach with India

We analyse income and expenditure distribution in China in a comparative perspective with India. These countries represent extreme cases in the relationship of inequality to both wellbeing indicators. Income is more highly concentrated than expenditure in India, especially at the top of the distribution. Both types of inequality are similar in China, although expenditure is more unequally distributed than income in urban areas. China has a much stronger correlation in individual ranks and levels between the two wellbeing distributions. As a result, expenditure inequality is higher in China than in India, but income inequality much lower. This results partially from differences in population composition, such as China being more urbanized and having smaller households, but mostly from differences in conditional income distributions, especially by attained education of the household head. We show that hybrid measures of wellbeing combining income and expenditure can be useful for such cross-country comparison.     

从基尼系数看我国的收入分配

我国经济持续快速增长的进程中,人们的收入保持着快速增长。但各地、不同人群的增长速度有快有慢,人们的贫富差距日益扩大。作为经济学中衡量贫富差距的公认的指标———基尼系数较真实地反映了这一现象。基尼系数的涵义以及应用得到重视,同时,基尼系数在应用中也存在一些不足。重视基尼系数,及时调整收入分配结构是未来我国经济发展的关键。     

Problems in estimating income differences in contemporary Russia

The paper analyzes various approaches used in calculating the income distribution of the Russian population. It describes a distribution model which uses special functions to adjust per capita income and expenditure data for HBI 5-percent groups to analogous indicators describing the balance of cash income and expenditure. Based on this model experimental calculations of the income distributions of the populations of Russia as a whole and of four of its constituent members were made.     

东中西部地区差距的人类发展指数估计

文章在收集整理反映我国东中西部收入、教育和出生时预期寿命差别数据的基础上,利用UNDP的人类发展指数法计算了按东中西部划分的收入指数、教育指数和预期寿命指数,并进一步得出按东中西部划分的人类发展指数。通过对各项指数的分析,得出的主要结论是:自20世纪90年代以来,东     

基于POI数据的山东省酒店空间布局特征及影响因素研究

利用山东省31 302条酒店PIO数据,借助ArcGIS10.7软件揭示山东省酒店空间布局特征及影响因素。研究结果显示,山东省酒店呈现集聚分布,且呈现“济南、青岛两中心大集聚、其他地市中心城区高度集聚”和由市中心向外围扩散的空间分布格局;各地市之间分布差异较大,各区县分布不均衡;影响山东省酒店分布的关键因素为人口数量、一般公共预算收入、人均可支配收入、A级旅游景区的数量,人均GDP对酒店分布的影响不大。     

农村居民收入差距及其演变的思考——基于浙江农村固定观察点调查数据的分析

基于浙江农村固定观察点1993—2007年的调查数据,运用五等分和基尼系数及相关指数对农村居民的收入差距及其演变趋势进行考察,并对考察结果进行分析。结果发现,浙江农村居民的收入差距不仅始终较大,已经处于差距偏大行列,而且近年在高位波动中呈现攀升态势,导致“两极”分化较为严重;浙江农村居民的收入差距主要源于农村工业化进程中非农就业机会和非农收入分配的不平等,是市场机制对人力资本的正常回报。因此,其最优的解决措施应是在保持经济效率的基础上,为各个阶层提供更加公平的发展机会和分享社会成果的机会。