农业部推介2005年45个主导种植品种

农业部为贯彻落实一号文件精神,组织遴选了2005年农业50个主导品种和20项主推技术,现将其中的45个主导种植品种推介如下。一、水稻品种(13个) 1.金优402适宜在湖南省、湖北省及江西省中北部、广西中北部作早稻种植。2.11优725 适宜在四川省平坝、丘陵地区,贵州省黔东南、铜仁中低海拔地区,湖北省稻瘟病轻发地区作一季中稻种植。     

光谱技术在水稻品种鉴别中的应用

水稻品种鉴别一直是农业生产、种子检测和作物育种上的重要问题。传统的鉴别方法过程繁琐、耗时长、效率低,光谱技术为水稻品种的快速、无损、准确鉴别提供了新途径。文章从非成像光谱技术和成像光谱技术两方面总结了光谱技术在水稻品种鉴别中的国内外研究进展,分析其存在的问题,并提出了一些今后研究的设想。     

多年生稻轻简高效生产技术

多年生稻轻简高效生产技术是通过种植人工培育、在自然生产条件下能反复利用地下茎正常萌发再生成苗的水稻品种,实现种植一次可连续收获2季以上的稻作生产技术,是一种新型、高效、轻简的稻作生产方式,对于稳定水稻种植面积、提高种稻效益具有重要意义.该技术在湖南、江西等双季稻地区可实现一种双收,在云南、贵州、广西、广东等越冬地区可实...     

水稻区域试验品种丰产性和稳产性分析

在农业产业当中,水稻是非常重要的农作物,也是人们生活当中重要的食物。但是,由于我国种植区域面积相对较少,人口数量又很大,为了能够满足人们对于水稻该种农作物的需求,需要尽量提高水稻的产量。在这种情况下,本文就以重庆万州水稻区域试验品种本身的丰产性和稳产性进行分析,以对该水稻品种在丰产和稳产这两方面的情况有一定的了解,然后根据不同品种的具体特性来选择不同地区所需要栽种的水稻品种,确保水稻在栽植收获后能够具有较高的产量。     

松嫩平原盐碱地区发展水稻问题

盐碱地水稻开发对区域农业和农村发展具有重要意义。东北松嫩平原盐碱地区具有发展水稻的自然条件、但也存在许多障碍因素。土壤盐碱对水稻生长发育有明显的抑制作用。土壤次生盐渍化限制着水稻生产的持续发展。水稻不同品种耐盐性有差别。完善水田工程、改良土壤、建立适宜的耕作栽培体系可以有效地减轻盐碱对水稻的抑制作用．促进盐碱地区水稻开发的持续发展。     

早稻病虫害综合防治技术

旱稻．通常旱地直播,也称旱直播稻．是二十世纪末在易涝旱作地区推广的种植品种。适宜于夏天降雨集中的地区种植,主要靠汛期自然降水生长．仅在干旱时适量补充灌溉即可。旱稻比玉米、大豆、棉花等许多旱作物耐涝．比水稻节水70％左右．既适于水源不足的稻区．又适于低洼易涝旱作地区。由于栽培方法有别于水稻．病虫害发生也不同于水稻。     

江苏省最新审定水稻品种

近日,江苏省农作物品种审定委员会召开了第四十九次农作物品种审定会议,审定通过了17个水稻新品种： 华两优69 适应范围 适宜在江苏省中籼稻地区种植。     

川西平原稻米安全生产关键技术

为确保川西平原地区的稻米安全生产,促进“高产、优质、高效、生态、安全”的稻作新技术推广,在总结国家粮食（水稻）丰产科技工程暨水稻高产创建等项目成果基础上,提出了川西平原地区稻米安全生产关键技术,即选用抗病虫害、低富集重金属的水稻品种,适期播种、旱育壮秧、科学抛栽、平衡施肥、加强监测、高效防控、适时收获、安全储存和精深加工、科学流通。     

中国水稻生产布局变动分析

近20多年来,中国水稻生产发生了很大变化,一方面表现为水稻总播种面积的减少,另一方面表现为地区布局的变化:传统水稻主产区的南方区、长江中下游区水稻播种面积减少较多,而东北区水稻播种面积则出现较大幅度的增长。本文分析了全国各区域水稻播种面积发生变化的原因。模型回归结果表明:各区域水稻生产相对于替代作物净收益的差异是导致不同区域水稻生产布局变化的直接原因,而在部分地区资源约束条件、制度改革等因素也起到显著作用。     

晚育晚插栽培技术是节水种稻的有效途径

盘锦市是一个淡水资源极度缺乏的地区,水稻生产需水量非常大,晚育晚插技术是在选用中熟品种的前提下,实行晚育苗晚插秧稻的栽培方式,缩短水稻本田生长期,使插秧期尽量与雨季接近,减少断水时间长带来的风险,增加水稻生产的安全性,确保在干旱缺水年份能种上稻、种好稻。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.