中国装备制造业全要素生产率增长的分解:1998-2009——基于省际面板数据的研究

本文采用超越对数的随机前沿生产函数和1998-2009年的省际面板数据,测算了中国各地区装备制造业的全要素生产率(TFP)增长率,并从技术进步、技术效率变化、规模效率变化、配置效率变化四个方面对中国装备制造业全要素生产率变化的特点进行了分析。经验结果表明,样本期间内,全国以及东、中、西部地区装备制造业的TFP都有所增长,其增速皆呈现出先增后减再增的趋势;TFP增长对全国装备制造业产出增长的贡献率相对较低,仅为0.117。对TFP增长的分解发现,技术进步已成为中国装备制造业TFP增长的主要源泉,配置效率和规模效率恶化则严重阻碍了中国装备制造业TFP水平的提高。分地区来看,中部地区的TFP增长率最高,东部次之,西部最低,这主要是由于西部地区装备制造业要素配置效率的下降最为严重,东部地区规模效率的下降最为严重。     

FDI技术溢出渠道与中国制造业生产率增长研究:基于面板数据的分析

本文使用基于DEA的Malmquist指数方法分析了中国制造业全要素生产率(TFP)及其分解变量技术进步和技术效率的变化规律;利用制造业内资部门2000~2005年的行业层面板数据,在控制了研发和出口交货值两个变量的基础上,考察了FDI水平关联和前、后关联对全要素生产率及其分解变量的影响。我们发现研发与出口交货值对生产率存在正的影响,FDI总体上对内资企业产生了正向技术溢出效应,而且更多地是由后向关联促进技术进步带来的;前向关联没有产生技术溢出效应;水平关联与前、后向关联技术溢出的实现方式不同,主要通过技术效率渠道促进全要素生产率的提高。分组回归结果表明,FDI技术溢出渠道在技术水平、行业集中度与出口依存度等行业分组指标下存在明显不同的传导机制。     

基于Malmquist指数的装备制造业创新效率及影响因素分析

在保持装备制造业经济总量不断增长的同时,如何有效的提高行业效率,已成为制造业发展中迫切需要解决的战略性问题。本文将装备制造业创新效率及其影响因素纳入一个完整的理论-实证分析框架,运用Malmquist指数法对我国装备制造业全要素生产率增长状况进行了测算,并把全要素生产率(TFP)的增长构成分解为技术进步和技术效率变化两个部分,并对影响因素采用面板模型进行GLS回归。研究结果发现,2000—2010年我国装备制造业年平均增长率为11%,从分行业的角度来看,平均增长最快的是通用设备制造业。通过省级面板数据对我国装备制造业创新效率的影响因素进行分析,回归结果显示,对TFP影响程度最大的因素是技术水平和人力资本存量。TFP影响系数最显著的地区为沿海地区,其次为中部地区、东北地区和西部地区。行业技术水平、地区经济发展水平以及行业开放程度的回归系数为正,人力资本存量的回归系数为负。最后,对提高装备制造业创新效率提出政策性建议。     

金融监管结构与制造业全要素生产率北大核心

厘清金融监管结构如何配置金融资源从而提升制造业TFP的内在逻辑，对于中国打赢防控重大风险攻坚战、推动经济高质量发展意义重大。文章手工搜集了1999～2017年97个国家(地区)金融监管结构实践的准自然实验数据和23 610家制造业企业数据集，考察监管结构对制造业TFP的影响。研究发现，监管结构能够显著提升制造业TFP,由独立于央行的监管机构负责的混业监管结构最有利于提升制造业TFP,央行负责银行业监管的分业监管结构次之；上述效果显著受到金融监管模式和机构协调效应的制约，并随着经济体收入水平、金融结构以及企业所属行业与规模的差异呈现出较强异质性。机制检验表明，最优金融监管结构通过金融发展的深度、效率和稳定3个维度提升制造业TFP,金融可及性维度的路径尚不明朗。文章从服务实体经济视角为中国寻求最优金融监管结构的体制改革提供了理论支撑和经验证据。     

全球生产网络条件下FDI的技术溢出渠道研究——基于中国制造业行业面板数据的经验分析

本文基于全球生产网络的逐步形成这一独特背景,运用中国制造业2001-2007年的行业面板数据,研究了FDI通过前、后向联系和水平联系等渠道对中国制造业内资企业的技术溢出效应,得出了以下重要结论:(1)只有高强度的国内R&D投入才能促进制造业内资企业全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步的提升;(2)在全球生产网络条件下,FDI通过前、后向和水平联系三个渠道对中国整体制造业内资企业产生了技术溢出,提升了全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步的水平;(3)全球生产网络条件下的FDI通过前向溢出渠道提高了高技术行业和低资本劳动比行业的全要素生产率,通过后向溢出渠道提高了低出口外向度行业和高资本劳动比行业的全要素生产率,而通过水平溢出渠道提高了各行业的全要素生产率.     

日本制造业“路在何方”——基于全要素生产率分析的启示

制造业是日本经济的支柱产业,具有强大的国际竞争力。但是近年来"日本制造"问题频出,日本制造业的国际竞争力在逐渐下降。主要原因之一便是全要素生产率的衰退。基于DEA的Malmquist指数法是衡量全要素生产率(TFP)的有效方法,将其应用到2002～2006年日本制造业的15个主要部门中,来衡量日本制造业TFP的变化。把TFP分解为技术效率指数和技术进步指数,来探讨TFP变化的原因,并为日本制造业的发展提供了对策、建议。     

地域因素、行业特征与FDI的技术溢出效应——基于珠三角地区面板数据的实证研究

本文运用基于DEA的Malmquist指数方法分析珠三角地区1996～2007年28个内资制造行业全要素生产率(TFP)及其分解变量的变化规律,考察了外商直接投资的技术溢出效应与地区经济增长的关系。经研究发现FDI从整体上对内资制造行业产生了正溢出效应,且这种溢出效应主要通过后向关联效应在技术进步方面得以实现。     

服务型制造业全要素生产率的异质性与收敛性分析

运用Malmquist生产率指数法,从行业、时期和地区三个角度分析了2000—2016年我国服务型制造业全要素生产率(TFP)的异质性,并对其变化趋势进行了收敛性检验。结果表明,我国服务型制造业总体TFP呈增长趋势,2008年之前高速增长,2008年之后呈明显放缓趋势;TFP增长的主要动力源自技术进步,技术效率上升幅度有限;TFP增长在细分行业和地区间呈明显异质性;行业间存在收敛,行业内均存在显著的绝对收敛,仪器仪表及文化办公用机械制造业收敛速度最快;东、中、西各地区TFP增长存在显著的收敛和绝对收敛现象,中西部收敛速度快于东部,呈现"俱乐部收敛"趋势。     

人力资本、国内研发、技术外溢与技术进步——基于中国省际面板数据和一阶差分广义矩方法的研究

本文研究了人力资本、国内研发和技术外溢与我国全要素生产率(TFP)之间的关系,并采用动态面板数据一阶差分广义矩估计方法对1985至2005年我国28个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据进行了实证检验.实证表明,进口和国内研发都显著地促进了TFP水平的提高,但我们没有发现外商直接投资对TFP有显著的促进作用,不同层次人力资本中也只有高等教育人力资本促进了TFP水平的提高;实证还表明,在吸收能力指标如人力资本、国内研发、收入水平以及综合技术水平中,只有综合技术水平促进了以进口为渠道的国际技术外溢.     

FDI、行业间联系与溢出效应——基于我国制造业行业面板数据的实证分析

本文采用1999～2003年28个制造业行业的面板数据进行实证分析,以期说明制造业行业是否存在外资行业内横向溢出和行业间纵向溢出效应(后向联系和前向联系)。利用动态面板数据的系统广义矩估计方法(SystemGMM),克服了要素投入的内生性问题和前期的生产率冲击后,实证结果表明,对制造业的内资而言,外资的后向联系效应作用明显,说明后向联系确实是外资技术溢出的重要渠道,而行业内溢出效应和前向联系效应表现为不明显的正向影响。     

Pollution control and foreign firms’ exit behavior in China

China faces a common dilemma of how to maintain rapid economic growth while also reducing the pollution that has accompanied growth. Will stricter pollution controls drive away the foreign firms that have helped spur growth in China? This paper studies the effects of the Two-Control-Zone (TCZ) pollution control policy on foreign firms’ exit behavior in China. Based on firm-level data from 1998 to 2009, we find that foreign firms’ responses are not significantly different from domestic firms on average once environmental regulations impose an added cost of business. However, foreign firms’ responses to stricter pollution controls tend to differ based on various firm characteristics. Our estimation indicates that larger size, higher productivity and exporting all make foreign firms less likely to exit than similar domestic firms in regions with stricter pollution control.     

Indirect productivity effects from foreign direct investment and multinational firm heterogeneity

This paper analyzes for a panel of Romanian manufacturing firms whether the quality of foreign firms, measured by their productivity level, affects their potential as a source of indirect productivity effects on domestic firms. We find that only sufficiently productive foreign firms generate positive productivity effects on domestic supplier firms. The most productive foreign firms are the main source of productivity effects. Domestic firms with higher productivity levels also enjoy larger total positive productivity effects. When supplying foreign firms that are less productive than themselves, domestic firms experience zero to negative effects.     

Productivity and technology in Nepal:: An analysis of foreign and domestic firms

This study uses plant level data from the census of manufacturing establishments to examine the production technology and labor productivity of foreign and domestic firms in Nepal. The results show that the capital intensity in foreign firms is higher than that in domestic firms. The statistical results also imply that foreign firms have higher labor productivity. A simultaneous equation model suggests that foreign firms are technically not more efficient than domestic firms. In fact, analysis indicates that foreign firms are technically less efficient. The foreign firms may have derived their competitiveness from capital intensive technology that is found to be one of the major factors to boost labor productivity.     

Technology spillovers from Chinese outward direct investment: The case of Ethiopia

The present study uses firm survey data of 1033 manufacturing firms operating in Ethiopia in 2011 to examine the impact of Chinese outbound direct investment on the productivity of domestic firms. Particularly, we attempt to answer two questions. Firstly, are Chinese-owned (henceforth foreign) firms more productive than local ones? Secondly, does the presence of foreign firms generate technology spillovers on domestic firms operating in the same industry? Our empirical results show that foreign firms are more productive and that their presence has different spillover effects on the productivity of domestic firms. In particular, we find that domestic firms with higher absorptive capacity experience positive spillovers, while those with low absorptive capacity witness negative spillover. We also find that small firms and non-exporting firms benefit more from spillovers than do other types of domestic firms. In this study, instrumental variables are used to address the potential endogeneity between foreign firm presence and domestic firm productivity.     

中国高技术白主研发、直接技术引进和生产率

基于1997—2011年中国高技术产业的地区面板数据,以柯布—道格拉斯生产函数为理论基础,采用系统GMM计量回归方法,对我国自主研发、国外技术引进,国内技术购买与全要素生产率之间的关系进行了实证分析,进一步采用DEA分解方法把全要素生产率增长分解为技术效率和技术进步两方面进行探讨。得到以下结论：1、中国自主研发与国外技术引进对生产率都有显著促进作用,但国内技术购买不利于自身生产率提高;2、自主研发与国内技术购买交互项回归系数不显著,其与国外技术引进的交互影响为负;3、将生产率分解为技术效率和技术进步后,国内技术购买更能促进技术进步而国外技术引进更能促进技术效率提高。     

Exports, FDI, and Productivity: Dynamic Evidence from Japanese Firms

This paper examines the relationship between exports, foreign direct investment, and firm productivity. Using longitudinal panel data on Japanese firms, it is found that the most productive firms engage in exports and foreign direct investment, medium productive firms engage in either exports or foreign direct investment, and the least productive firms focus only on the domestic market. Moreover, exports and foreign direct investment appear to improve firm productivity once the productivity convergence effect is controlled for. Firms that retain a presence in foreign markets, either by exports or foreign direct investment, show the highest productivity growth, which contributes to improvements in national productivity. JEL no. F10, F20, D21     

The impact of compensation and productivity on the final consumption of households and GDP growth rates in the long term

A single-commodity model reflecting the material aspect of GDP reproduction, the balance between revenue and expenditure flows in key economic sectors, and labor dynamics is considered in terms of simulation models to analyze Russia’s long-term economic development options. Different levels of compensation and productivity were assumed as the model’s basic data in the scenario, and the growth rates of the GDP and the final consumption of households were examined on a 15-year horizon (2006 to 2020). The results show that under regulated inflation processes, compensation growth stimulates households’ final consumption with no increase in productivity because of the inflow of foreign labor resources. Growth is observed not only in imports but also in domestic production. The problem is to determine the boundaries of possible growth in labor migration and to find ways of restricting it by improving labor productivity.     

Spillovers from agglomerations and inward FDI: a multilevel analysis on sub-Saharan African firms

This paper adopts multilevel analysis to study the agglomeration-performance nexus for domestic firms in sub-Saharan Africa. We show that contextual factors can explain up to 30 % of the variance in firms’ productivity, more than half of which depends on the geographic location. Our results show also that African firms’ productivity is positively correlated to the size of the agglomeration when they locate in larger cities specialized in different sectors, while the relation turns negative when they face direct competition from firms in the same industry. These effects are similar in the services and the manufacturing industries, even if in the latter positive spillovers are found to be conditional to the presence of backward and forward linkages with nearby firms. Finally, we are able to show that these effects are also confirmed when domestic firms locate close to foreign multinationals, especially those coming from the South.     

Testing for horizontal and vertical foreign investment spillovers in China, 1998–2007

As with many developing countries, the Chinese government hopes that knowledge brought by multinationals will spill over to domestic industries and increase their productivity. In this paper, we show that foreign investment originating outside of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan has positive effects on individual firm level productivity, while foreign investment from HKMT firms does not. We also test for both horizontal (within the same industry) and vertical (upstream or downstream) linkages from foreign investment. Using a manufacturing firm-level panel for 1998 through 2007, we find zero or weak positive horizontal externalities. However, our results show that foreign direct investment (FDI) has generated positive productivity spillovers to domestic firms via backward linkages (the contacts between foreign affiliates and their local suppliers in downstream sectors) as well as forward linkages (between foreign suppliers and their local buyers in the upstream sectors).     

Analysis of Productivity Differences among Foreign and Domestic Firms: Evidence from Germany

This paper presents differences in firm-level total factor productivity (TFP) across 22 manufacturing and 17 service industries in Germany over the period 1995–2004. It is an attempt to study whether and to what extent foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) are more productive relative to German firms. As well as distinguishing between foreign and domestic firms, we also distinguish between German MNEs and domestic firms that do not have any foreign presence. Controlling for endogeneity through semi-parametric techniques, our findings indicate considerable heterogeneity in firm performance across types of firms. The foreign/domestic distinction is not as clear cut as has been suggested elsewhere; multinationality is important in explaining productivity differences rather than foreignness. JEL no. D24, F21, F23