政府审计视角下的PPP项目政府债务风险管理研究北大核心

防范化解重大风险是当前经济社会的重要工作之一,也是中央审计委员会成立后审计工作的重心所在。围绕PPP项目与政府债务风险这一主题,基于2014~2018年3月“PPP”与“政府债务”政策文本库,运用Nvivo质性分析软件剖析PPP模式中政府债务风险关注度的变化趋势,发现相关政策从以风险化解型政策为主、鼓励推动PPP模式变迁为以风险防控型政策为主、规范应用PPP模式。对PPP项目中隐性债务风险进行逻辑分析,明确当前项目中隐性风险的特性及应对模式。以审计独立性与权威性破解PPP项目中政府部门“双重职能”困境,基于审计功能构建PPP项目政府隐性债务风险管理体系,以促进PPP模式回归本源、行稳致远。     

基于风险最优分配理论的PPP项目风险分担博弈模型——以河北张家口桥西区集中供热PPP项目为例

随着"新型城镇化"和"一带一路"的推进,PPP热潮正在涌现,如何在PPP项目的各参与方之间实现合理的风险分担,是目前政府、金融机构等关注的焦点。文章根据PPP项目风险分担的目标和原则,基于风险偏好理论构建PPP项目风险分担的博弈模型,通过分析政府部门和私人部门风险偏好系数对风险分担纳什均衡结果的影响,进一步解释风险最优分担的基本原则,从而为PPP项目风险分担方案的制定提供决策依据。     

PPP项目全过程造价咨询业务中的风险因素分析

现如今,社会的经济发展水平在逐步提升,我国的公共设施建设在逐渐完善,为了能够更好的解决工程项目建设中技术、资金、风险等问题,出现了PPP项目这种新的工程形式.这是由政府部门和社会企业共同进行的项目工程,能够实现利益共享、风险共担.而在PPP项目中,工程造价咨询是重要的部分,对于建立市场、政府、社会资本之间有效联系起到重要作用.从现阶段的情况来看,PPP项目全过程造价咨询中由于多方面因素影响存在风险,对其中的风险因素需要进行全面的分析评估,这样造价咨询公司才能为PPP项目风险防控提供更可靠的服务.     

PPP项目融资风险分析研究

现如今，随着我国经济水平的快速发展与社会质量的不断提升，PPP模式在资金融资支持与风险分担等多方面的优势逐渐凸显。然而，PPP项目融资作为一种新型的政企合作模式，给社会基础设施建设和公共服务领域的供给机制带来了重大创新，风险因素越来越多。有效识别PPP项目融资过程中的风险，制定有效、积极的应对措施和方案，对项目的成败起着关键作用。因此，本文将对PPP项目融资模式下的风险进行梳理，明确PPP项目的融资风险特征和影响因素，分析研究风险识别、评估和风险分担的过程，并给出具体对策，从而有效识别和控制PPP项目融资过程中的风险因素，确保项目的顺利实施。     

PPP项目咨询中存在的问题分析

政府和社会资本合作模式,也称Public-Private-Partnership,即在方式上,政府使用特许经营、股权合作和购买服务等;在相互关系方面,风险分担、与社会资本利益共享和长期合作;其目的是使公共产品和服务供给能力以及供给效率正向增长。为促进PPP项目的加快落地,政府部门制定了一系列相关政策。本文通过对PPP项目咨询中存在的问题挑战和PPP项目面临的进行分析,并提出了相应的对策与建议。     

城市基础设施建设PPP项目的关键风险研究

文章着重分析了我国PPP（Pubiic Private Partnership）项目的风险识别问题。文章通过对PPP模式相关的专家进行的问卷调查得到了我国PPP项目的20个关键风险。在问卷调查的数据分析的基础上，文章运用多元统计因子分析方法，将20个关键风险归纳为五个主因子，针对这五个主因子所包含的信息，提出了我国PPP项目风险管理的五个重要目标。     

基于Stackelberg博弈的收费公路PPP项目价格补偿研究

针对PPP项目中收益不足的风险,研究了政府部门向私营部门提供价格补偿能否实现私营利润和社会福利的帕累托改进.通过构建Stackelberg博弈模型,描述了私营部门和政府部门分别对收费价格和价格补偿决策的过程,分析了政府部门提供的价格补偿对私营利润和社会福利的影响.研究表明:政府部门的价格补偿可以通过降低私营部门收费价格提高私营利润和社会福利.     

基于Stackelberg博弈的收费公路PPP项目价格补偿研究

针对PPP项目中收益不足的风险,研究了政府部门向私营部门提供价格补偿能否实现私营利润和社会福利的帕累托改进.通过构建Stackelberg博弈模型,描述了私营部门和政府部门分别对收费价格和价格补偿决策的过程,分析了政府部门提供的价格补偿对私营利润和社会福利的影响.研究表明:政府部门的价格补偿可以通过降低私营部门收费价格提高私营利润和社会福利.     

PPP模式下的风险均衡研究

据PPP模式的特点而言,政府部门和私营部门合作是为了达到"双赢"的目的,也就意味着最终要达到一种风险与利益的均衡,因此构建出基于共担风险下的利益分配模型从而建立公平的合作关系,才能保证PPP项目的顺利进行。     

基于AHP模糊评价法的云南省高校快递服务质量满意度评价研究

由于PPP项目周期长、投入资金量大、融资结构复杂,因此该类项目不确定性较大、有较高的融资风险,进行融资风险管控很重要。基于对PPP项目融资风险因素的识别,构建了PPP项目融资风险的评价指标体系,通过熵权法确定评价指标权重,运用TOPSIS法对评价指标值进行规范化处理,从而建立PPP项目融资风险评价模型,实现对评价项目的融资风险进行排序,并通过案例进行实证分析。分析结果表明该模型的实际应用价值,为PPP项目融资风险管控提供方法依据。     

Bundling and Unbundling in Public–Private Partnerships: Implications for Risk Sharing in Urban Transport Projects

Public–private partnership (PPP) projects may be organized in a variety of ways, depending on the level of integration of the so‐called Special Purpose Vehicle. Based on the analyses of four major PPP light rail projects in Spain, this article outlines two fundamentally different models of organizing the Special Purpose Vehicle in PPP projects; moreover, the article examines the central principles of these two different models of organizing the private sector Special Purpose Vehicle and their implications for risk sharing and project management in large‐scale infrastructure PPP projects.     

Why do U.S. states adopt public–private partnership enabling legislation?

Public–private partnerships, or PPPs, have the potential to address a range of urban economic issues. As of late 2012, thirty-two U.S. states and Puerto Rico had enacted legislation enabling the use of PPPs. PPP enabling laws address such issues as the treatment of unsolicited PPP proposals, prior legislative approval of PPP contracts, and the mixing of public and private funds. We utilize 13 key elements of PPP enabling laws to develop an index reflecting the degree to which a state’s law is encouraging or discouraging of private infrastructure investment. We examine why states pass such laws, and why some states pass legislation that is relatively more favorable to private investment. We consider demand side, supply side, and political/institutional drivers of passage. Vehicle registration growth and greater traffic congestion both increase the likelihood of passage, as does political agreement between a state’s executive and legislative branches. Traffic congestion, growth in per-capita income, and the percent of Republicans in the state’s House of Representatives all increase a law’s favorability to private investment. There is little indication that traditional public finance variables, such as federal highway aid, affect the likelihood of passage or the favorability of a state’s PPP enabling law.     

How does risk transference to private partner impact on public-private partnerships’ success? Empirical evidence from developing economies

This work analyses how risk transference to the private partner affects the success of public-private partnerships (PPP). For this purpose, a broad sample from the World Bank database of 6,022 PPP infrastructure projects in 59 developing countries in the period 1997 to 2016 is analysed. Using multilevel logistic models our results show that PPPs' success is more likely when the private partner takes more risk and the economic and institutional environments are better. Another interesting finding is that an excessive transference of risks to the private party when certain institutional features show good records could prejudice PPPs’ performance.     

交通施工企业基础设施PPP项目风险管理研究

当前,新的融资方式即PPP模式的出现提高了民间资本在基础设施项目中的比率,在减轻政府压力的同时能够提高项目收益。论文就交通施工企业基础设施PPP项目风险管理措施进行探讨,希望能够实现公私双方共赢。     

(De)Politicization Dynamics in Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs): Lessons from a comparison between UK and Flemish PPP policy

This article analyses the (de)politicization dynamics in complex and technical matters like public–private partnerships, which is necessary given its social impact and budgetary consequences for the years and generations to come. The global financial crisis provides an excellent window of opportunity to present this argument, because PPP policy needs to reinvent itself. We argue that PPP policy needs to be (re)politicized at the broader societal and discursive levels, which means that their public nature is recognized and that policy alternatives are debated in the public forums. The ‘Private Finance Initiative’ reassessment process in the UK may serve as an example.     

Public‐private partnership: Elements for a project‐based management typology

The polysemic concept of public‐private partnership (PPP) covers a great diversity of institutional arrangements. In this paper, we propose a typology based on the management of public projects that constitute partnerships with private firms. Our typology is founded on two key variables: (1) the proximity of the target and (2) the capacity to generate projects. We can then identify four distinct models of PPP: situational, elementary, symbiotic, and forward‐looking. The management challenges, the risks, and the major issues particular to each type of PPP are described in order to enlighten management teams and contribute to the production of useful knowledge in the field.     

基于PPP项目的风险分担机制研究综述

公私合作模式(PPP)是应用于公共基础设施建设的一种融资模式,由于参与者多,风险分担是PPP项目取得成功的关键.目前对PPP项目风险分担机制的研究主要有两种:一是政府与私人投资者双方之间的风险分担机制.二是项目各参与方之间的风险分担机制.重点论述和评价了国内外关于PPP项目风险分担的涵义、风险分担的原则、风险分担条件、风险分担谈判过程、风险分担矩阵和风险分担的相关模型,并对风险分担的研究作了进一步展望.     

Examining the Interaction between Saving and Contributions to Personal Pension Plans: Evidence from the BHPS*

This paper analyses the effects of social security reforms on saving in Britain. We use the British Household Panel Survey to investigate the interactions between voluntary additional contributions to personal pension plans (PPP) and saving in conventional forms. In particular, we test whether contributions to the PPP crowd out saving or constitute additional saving. Results suggest that not only have private pension schemes not crowded out private saving, but actually they have increased it too.     

What makes public-private partnerships work? Survey research into the outcomes and the quality of cooperation in PPPs

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are often regarded as the solution for time and budget overruns in large infrastructural projects, but not all are successful. This raises the question of what really makes PPPs work. Focusing on the role of relational aspects, this article examines the degree to which trust and managerial activities correlate to the perceived performance and cooperation process in PPP projects. A multilevel analysis of survey data from 144 respondents involved in Dutch PPP projects shows that both trust and management correlate significantly to the perceived performance of these projects. Moreover, trust is associated with a good cooperation process.     

城市基础设施项目公私合作制模式的新探讨——基于价值集成的视角

为了解决城市基础设施供给不足的问题,需要大量的私人资本参与城市基础设施项目的建设和运营。目前,政策允许也已经有私人资本采用项目融资模式参与城市基础设施项目的建设和运营。为了吸引更多的私人资本参与城市基础设施项目的建设和运营,避免或减少社会公共福利的损失,论文以城市基础设施项目为核心,基于价值集成理论,提出相关项目集成化开发的投资理论模式,以期为更多的私人资本参与城市基础设施项目的建设和运营提供一种新的思路。