中国农村贫困问题与城镇贫困问题比较研究

21世纪初,中国的贫困形势之一是农村贫困与城镇贫困共存,因此对我国农村贫困问题与城镇贫困问题之贫困原因、社会经济特征进行系统比较,并对当前我国反贫困政策提出建议是非常有必要的。     

我国城镇贫困现象的现状及对策

贫困并不是一个国家、一个地区的问题,而是一个世界上所有国家和地区都存在的普遍问题。就算在美国这样的世界第一强国也仍然有很多人生活在贫困中。对于不同的国家贫困也有不同的定义,在我国是用绝对贫困来定义的。     

城镇贫困与综合性反贫困政策框架

９０年代以后,中国的城镇贫困率呈现上升趋势,近期还有进一步恶化的趋势。其原因是：人均收入的增长远远落后于人均ＧＤＰ的增长;财政体系的不平等分配效应;住房市场改革所产生的不平等效应。因此,中国２１世纪的反贫困战略应当进行重新调整,除了收入贫困之外,应当更加关注人类贫困和知识贫困问题;同时,其反贫困政策应当是一个包括就业政策、财政政策、货币政策、区域发展政策在内的一揽子宏观政策体系。     

解决好城镇贫困问题

我国的城镇贫困有两个特点，一是阶层性、结构性和区域性贫困并存，绝对数量较大。阶层性贫困是由于贫困者个人和家庭原因引起的，主要是指因老弱病残及其它个人生存和劳动能力障碍、家庭过高的赡养负担和意外情况的发生等原因造成的贫困，这种贫困在任何国家和任何制度下都是存在的。结构性贫困是由于在经济结构调整和产业升级的过程中，我国的传统产业缺乏发展的支撑，使这些产业中的贫困人数比重大，而一些新兴的产业、高科技产业、垄断性产业贫困人数比重小。二是绝对贫困和相对贫困并存，贫困程度较深。绝对贫困主要表现为个人或家庭的…     

治理我国城镇贫困的问题探讨

治理我国城镇贫苦的难点在于:失业率居高不下,扶贫主体利益多元,教育投资不足,公共卫生事业落后,社会保障体系不健全。因此,优化产业结构,加快经济发展,加大教育投资力度,完善社会保障制度,引导盈利性组织参与反贫困事业,是缓解我国城镇贫困的主要对策。     

我国城镇贫困问题基本状况

贫困问题是一个世界性课题，而反贫困始终是当今世界各国所面临的重大主题之一，改革开放以来，我国政府在反贫困等方面取得了举世瞩目的成就，但由于长期的历史因素和现实因素，贫困问题仍然是困扰中国社会的主要问题之一。当前，中国贫困问题的一个突出特点是城镇贫困化日益严重。 同农村贫困不同的是，城市贫困人口集中，贫富差距对比明显，群体被剥夺感强烈，因此，所引发的社会问题也更为多种复杂，稍有不慎，就会矛盾激化，进而影响城市经济和社会发展，甚至导致社会不稳定，进行城镇贫困和反贫困研究，实施有效的社会救助举措和城镇反贫困战略，对维护社会稳定和社会公平，促进经济和社会发展，推动社会主义现代化建设，具有十分重要的意义 。     

中国城镇贫困的福利经济学思考

文章概述了我国城镇贫困的特征,同时从福利经济学的角度界定城镇贫困和分析其成因,认为城镇贫困是社会收入差距过大,市场自由竞争机制不够健全,并在此基础上提出了治理贫困的若干对策.     

河南省城镇贫困群体的现状及特征分析

近年来,伴随着城镇经济的快速发展和城镇居民收入水平的快速提高,城镇贫困问题开始表现得日益严峻。通过对现阶段河南省城镇贫困群体的收入、生活消费、健康、子女教育与自身接受培训、社会活动、住房购房情况的分析,总结了城镇贫困群体的特征,为进一步研究奠定了理论基础。     

新疆乌恰县经济发展现状与贫困问题研究

新疆乌恰县属于国家级贫困县,生态环境恶劣,生存条件较差,自然灾害频繁,经济发展落后,要尽快实现乌恰县农牧民定居、兴牧、增收,提高生活质量,必须创新思路,开发乌恰县经济发展的新路子.本文分析乌恰县社会经济发展面临的问题,将贫困问题与经济社会发展结合起来加以研究,从乌恰县的实际情况出发,提出相应的对策建议.     

Congestion and over-crowding in cities and towns: a scrutiny of some popular beliefs

Examination of data relating to housing conditions of 21 cities and towns in West Bengal, derived from a Statistical Bureau inquiry in 1953 and the 1951 census. Using 4 indices (density, persons per occupied house, number of rooms per family, and floor space per family), the author concludes that there is no basis for the commonly held belief that degree of congestion increases with population size. Congestion was also not found to have any correlation with the structure of the cities or the predominant type of employment pattern. Similarly, the amount of rent paid and the amenities available (electricity and water supply) were unaffected by population size or employment pattern in the city. The author concludes that great care is necessary in allocating housing resources in order to avoid exacerbating existing disparities between rural and urban areas.     

On the causes of increasing world poverty and inequality,or why the Matthew effect prevails

The purpose of this article is to analyse one of the very first European-level instances of trade union and social movement interaction in defence of the public sector, namely, the Coalition for Green and Social Procurement, an alliance of European trade unions and green and social non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and its campaign for an amendment of the new public procurement directives from 2000 to 2003. It will be examined to what extent this campaign was able to change the directives and counter neoliberal restructuring effectively as well as what the possibilities but also limits of trade union and social movement cooperation are as exemplified in this particular case study.     

少数民族人口贫困问题的多角度分析——以新疆为例

新疆贫困人口的分布具有明显的地域性,大多分布在南疆三地州,少数民族贫困人口多,而且贫困程度深,治理难度较大,给新疆乃至中国全面建设小康社会带来了严峻的挑战。少数民族的扶贫开发,是党和国家高度重视的一项工作,关系到党的民族政策的落实,关系到民族团结、边防巩固,关系到国家的社会稳定和可持续的发展,意义重大。新疆少数民族人口贫困的成因,既有区域发展的客观条件造成,也有人文因素的影响。反贫困需要建立长效的对策和机制,一是要注重提高少数民族地区民族群众汉语言能力;二是制定有利于少数民族地区贫困人口的扶贫政策,增加中央财政转移支付能力;三是强化人力资本投资,提高少数民族劳动力的素质,提高少数民族贫困人口市场竞争的能力;四是组织少数民族剩余劳动力在地区间的合理有序流动,走劳务输出脱贫的道路。     

Vulnerability and poverty dynamics in Vietnam

Drawing upon the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) data that cover the whole of Vietnam in 2002 and 2004, ex ante measures of vulnerability are constructed. These are then compared with static indicators of poverty (i.e. the headcount ratio in a particular year). Detailed analyses of the panel data show that (i) in general, vulnerability in 2002 translates into poverty in 2004; (ii) vulnerability of the poor tends to perpetuate their poverty and (iii) sections of the nonpoor but vulnerable slip into poverty. Durable reduction in poverty is conditional on (i) accurate identification of the vulnerable, (ii) their sources of vulnerability and (iii) design of social safety nets that would enable the vulnerable to reduce risks and cope better with rapid integration of markets with the larger global economy.     

Migration and rural poverty in China

We analyze two complementary household datasets from China's poor areas to examine whether the poor migrate and whether migration helps the poor. We find an inverted-U-shaped relationship between household endowments and the likelihood of migration. Over time, the poor are more likely to migrate. Using household panel data and taking prior village migration networks as an instrument, we find that having a migrant increases a household's income per capita by 8.5 to 13.1 percent, but that the overall impact on poverty is modest because most poor people do not migrate. Migrants remit a large share of their income and the amount of these remittances is responsive somewhat to the needs of other family members. Journal of Comparative Economics 33 (4) (2005) 688–709.     

Growth and poverty in developing countries

Despite the developing countries' impressive aggregate growth of the past 25 years, its benefits have only reached the poor to a very limited degree. Not only have the poorest countries grown relatively slowly, but growth processes are such that within most developing countries, the incomes of the poor increase much less than the average. Although many policies have been proposed to counter these trends, little has been done to estimate the possibilities for significantly reducing world poverty within a reasonable period. This paper develops a quantitative framework to project levels of poverty under different assumptions about GNP growth population growth and changes in income distribution. Although the interactions among development processes and policy instruments are not modelled in any detail, the results serve to clarify the nature of the problem. The policy simulations demonstrate that the elimination of absolute poverty by the end of this century is a highly unlikely prospect; even to achieve a substantial reduction will require a combination of policies designed to accelerate the growth of poor countries, to distribute the benefits of growth more equitably, and to reduce population increase.     

Rank-based poverty measures and poverty ordering with an application to Tunisia

Using the normative approach, we develop a class of poverty measures that is function of a weighting system. Each particular weighting function corresponds to a particular social judgment. This offers the decision-maker a large selection of social preferences functions, and he can choose the one that best represents his social judgment. We also develop new concepts of a-extended TIP curves. They are used to establish the conditions of the robust and unanimous poverty ranking of our measures. These conditions are in terms of second-and higher-degree TIP dominance. Finally, we provide an empirical illustration using Tunisian data on the 2005–2010 period.     

Supply management and household poverty in Canada

The regulation of the Canadian dairy and poultry industries through production quotas (also known as supply management) is widely believed to result in higher consumer prices that disproportionately impact poorer households. Using the most recent Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (Statistics Canada 2013), we estimate the number of Canadians pushed below the poverty/low-income threshold as a result of this policy as ranging between 133,000 and 189,000 individuals.