中小企业银行模式的国际比较及其历史经验批判——兼论我国科技银行的设立

中小企业融资的困难在于银行资金的安全性和中小企业风险性之间的矛盾,解决这个矛盾有两条路径,一个是风险资金以银行形式向中小企业贷款;另一条路径是通过担保机构过滤风险。由于中小企业的外部性问题,担保机构可由国家财政扶持的中介机构来担当。以这个理论框架作为基础,本文对世界上几个典型的中小企业专业银行进行了全面考察,并对我国商业银行为中小企业贷款的历史和目前成立的科技支行的现状进行了分析,提出了政府的政策性支持和商业银行的商业性融资在中小企业内部结合,而不是在商业银行内部结合的观点,对我国商业银行对中小企业融资和政府对中小企业政策性支持都具有一定的现实意义。     

ESTIMATING THE NON-ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONS IS HARDER THAN YOU THINK

Top-down and bottom-up models of the non-environmental consequences of policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions embody different implicit theories of economic organizations. Yet neither approach is explicit in showing the detailed computations that must be traced if the activities of firms are to be described realistically. Specification of firms' computational processes leads inevitably to a consideration of potential computational limits on the behavior of organizations. It is known that solutions of some standard economic problems are not effectively computable, and that the solutions to others are computationally intractable. These fundamental computational limits have strong implications for the theory of the firm, and recognizing their existence and importance suggests new policy approaches for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. (JEL C6, D2, L2, Q4)     

The shifting boundaries of the mixed economy and the future of the nonprofit sector

The nonprofit sector exists because it can solve better than for-profit firms problems associated with the provision of products with publicness (nonrivalry or nonexcludability) attributes, or those affected by asymmetric information between providers and customers. This advantage is likely to be eroded in the future by various technological advances, particularly in the area of information transmission, analysis, storage and retrieval, and by the increase in the effective size of markets. Consequently, the demand for nonprofit organizations will possibly decline in the future. On the other hand, the operational efficiency of nonprofit organizations is likely to improve due to possibilities of stricter audit of and control over management made possible by enhanced access by nonprofit stakeholders to budgetary and operational information. This will help nonprofit organizations respond better to various failures of for-profit firms and to the insufficiency of government correctives. It is difficult to forecast the net effect of the myriad factors that work in opposite directions on the demand for and supply of nonprofit organizations, although it appears to this author that the economic weight of nonprofit organizations and their distinctive features will wane.     

BUILDING THE MANAGERIAL CAPITAL OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES IN AFRICA

Agricultural cooperatives in Africa tend to be community‐based organizations defined by principles of inclusion, voluntarism, democracy, equity, autonomy, mutuality and solidarity. This means that they generally operate in accordance with the principles endorsed by the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA). However, only a few of these organizations are successful in commercializing the agricultural produce of their members. In this study, we argue that growth‐problems leading to commercial failure and organizational degeneration in these cooperatives can be attributed to a lack of managerial capital. Drawing on the literature and evidence from the field we set out key management solutions for counterbalancing cooperative principles in the context of rural Africa. These solutions were taught to the leaders and managers of 362 cooperatives at four training events held in Madagascar, Malawi and twice in Uganda. Using a production function for cognitive achievement and key informant interviews, we find that our training contributed to the adoption of the proposed solutions by some of the cooperatives. Using the Ugandan sub‐ sample, we estimate an OLS regression and a PSM model to show that the training translated into higher revenues per member generated through collective commercialization.     

我国非政府组织发展存在的问题及原因分析

改革开放以来,中国的非政府组织得到了迅猛发展,并参与到社会各个领域,成为现代化建设的重要力量。但是,我国非政府组织的发展目前还面临许多问题,还不能充分发挥其促进社会协调发展的作用。文章对我国非政府组织发展中存在的问题及原因进行了分析,以期能够健康地发展。     

国外非营利社会组织与我国事业单位改革

我国事业单位在整个国民经济和社会发展中具有相当重要的作用.由于历史和现实的原因,当前事业单位改革遇到了许多困难,相比政府机构改革和国有企业改革更复杂、也更困难一些.通过对国外非营利社会组织的属性、功能定位、行业分布和经费来源的研究,提出我国事业单位改革可借鉴的经验和做法.     

中国农村小额贷款组织发展对策研究——以江苏省为例

本文从可持续性发展的角度出发,以江苏省为例,深入研究了中国农村小额贷款组织。本文分析了存在的问题,特别是制约农村小额贷款组织发展的瓶颈问题,也介绍了国内外的一些成功经验,并就发展中国农村小额贷款组织提出了一系列对策建议,以求将农村小额贷款组织打造为促进中国农村金融发展和农村稳定的重要工具。     

组织内知识共享的生态竞争模型研究

由于知识本身具有公共品和非公共品的双重属性,使得建立组织内知识共享的模型非常困难。基于生态竞争的逻辑斯谛方程,建立了组织内知识共享的生态竞争模型,分析了各生态因子对知识共享效果的影响,以指导组织内知识共享的有效实现。     

我国参与《可持续蓝色经济融资原则》的方式及相关案例研究

未来海洋经济产业可提供前所未有的发展和投资机遇。然而，越来越多的证据表明，由于不可持续的经济活动造成海洋自然资源的损害可能难以修复和再生，《可持续蓝色经济融资原则宣言》就是在这一背景下提出的。本文通过典型案例研究我国参与国际原则的方式，得出以下结论：一是国际原则的加入应由政府引导同时本着自愿的原则；二是要充分发挥非政府组织的作用；三是原则的制定要坚持从解决实际问题出发。     

情理社会中非营利组织诚信问题研究

随着中国社会结构和社会规范的变迁,社会信任和诚信危机逐步成为社会的焦点。非营利组织是一种新型的社会组织,有别于企业和政府,在交织着关系网络的社会环境中,其诚信问题已然成为组织能否存续和发展的关键,因而,研究非营利组织的诚信问题对构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

On characterizing equilibria of economies with externalities and taxes as solutions to optimization problems

Summary We characterize equilibria of general equilibrium models with externalities and taxes as solutions to optimization problems. This characterization is similar to Negishi's characterization of equilibria of economies without externalities or taxes as solutions to social planning problems. It is often useful for computing equilibria or deriving their properties. Frequently, however, finding the optimization problem that a particular equilibrium solves is difficult. This is especially true in economies with multiple equilibria. In a dynamic economy with externalities or taxes there may be a robust continuum of equilibria even if there is a representative consumer. This indeterminacy of equilibria is closely related to that in overlapping generations economies.An earlier version of this paper, entitled Externalities and Taxes in General Equilibrium, was presented at the North American meetings of the Econometric Society, June 1988, at the University of Minnesota. We are grateful to David Backus, Kenneth Judd, Patrick Kehoe, and Rodolfo Manuelli for helpful conversations. National Science Foundation grants SES 86-18325 and SES 87-08616 provided financial support.The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis or the Federal Reserve System.     

公共物品非营利组织供给的经济学分析

非营利性组织可以弥补政府和市场在公共物品提供上的不足。文章分析了非营利性组织提供公共物品的必要性，深入探讨了我国非营利组织提供公共物品时存在的主要问题，在此基础上，提出了一些对策和建议，以更好地发挥我国非营利性组织的公共物品提供中的作用。     

农户中介组织选择行为分析

从种植户视角采用定量与定性相结合的方法研究苹果种植户与三类中介组织的行为关系规律,得出如下结论:分散的苹果收购商和种植户在苹果销售过程中需要中介组织发挥桥梁或纽带作用,目前,这个桥梁或纽带主要是由农民经纪人群体担当。苹果种植户组织化程度低使公司+基地+农户组织模式很难实现苹果贸易公司和苹果种植户之间产销的有效结合。农民专业合作经济组织的发展提高了苹果产业组织化程度,但导致相关利益主体的行为扭曲,其中主要表现是在现行的政府主导型、龙头企业及大户控制型、村社结合型等主要类型果农协会中,苹果种植户不同程度受到政府行政干预、龙头企业及大户控制、乡村级组织操纵而处于被动地位,其利益难以保障,协会对种植户苹果产后销售等服务明显缺位。     

On the Non-Contractual Nature of Donor–Recipient Interaction in Development Assistance

The author analyzes three issues in strategic donor–recipient interaction motivated by the complexity of the rationale underlying aid. The first is when we have several principals with conflicting objectives. Any one principal cannot offer high powered incentives to the agent to carry out his or her designated task. The second is to do with the fact that effort associated with ensuring aid effectiveness may concern both principal and agent, the optimal solution to which requires cooperative behavior that is difficult to design. Consequently, the contractual type principal–agent relationship between donors and recipients is inappropriate. We need to consider models that signal recipient quality or commitment to reform. Thus, thirdly, a simple model of signaling with commitment problems is presented, along with extensions to multiple types of agent and time periods, as well as possible solutions involving mechanism design.     

Communicating in the 1990s: a technology update

With the variety of available technologies, choosing among them will be difficult at best. Waiting for integration and standardization among technologies may effectively eliminate a competitive edge and productivity improvements for health care organizations. Also, selecting which one communication technology is needed may not be the issue since several technologies likely are needed to solve different communication needs in organizations. One might begin to sort out options by performing an assessment of current communication patterns and deficiencies. Ideally, the assessment should be completed by someone who is able to assess needs over an entire organization, not just one service or one organizational level. The assessment should focus at least on some of the following questions. Are three major problems with staff or client communications? If staff-related, are primary needs interactive with routine communication needs? If they are interactive, time-sensitive, and inter-organizational then a form of video-conferencing may help. Short-term interactive needs might be met by leasing video-conferencing rooms. Long-term, time sensitive interactive needs might require PC-based video-conferencing, Non-time-sensitive, interactive, inter-organizational needs might be met with voice mail or e-mail, which allow some time-delayed but single-mode interactions. If communication needs are routine, one might examine how e-mail, or fax could help. If text-based paper traffic through the mail room is enormous or slow, e-mail may help. If communication among persons at any level of geographically separate organizations is needed, modem-based or public e-mail may be the answer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

促进非政府组织发展的税收政策

利用税收政策促进非政府组织发展是世界各国的普遍做法,中国也不例外。然而中国针对非政府组织的税收政策还存在着税收政策有失公平、税式支出被滥用、纳税人公益性捐赠税前抵扣限制较多以及对民间非政府组织的歧视性税收待遇等问题。因此,需要对现行的税收政策进行调整,如把非政府组织分为＂公益性＂和＂互益性＂,实行不同的税收政策,开征遗产税,鼓励遗产捐赠等,以促进中国非政府组织的健康发展。     

中国生态环境类社会组织专业人才培养研究

在“绿色发展”日益成为社会共识的背景下,中国生态环境类社会组织已在环境保护事业中占据一席之地。目前,中国生态环境类社会组织普遍存在人才队伍短缺、结构不合理、专业化程度不高等问题,而专业人才培养和队伍建设是组织可持续发展的保障。以中国代表性生态环境类社会组织为研究对象,采用质性研究方法,对专业人才培养意义、主要工作、缺失原因及培养对策进行探讨和归纳,从现阶段中国生态环境类社会组织自身视角构建了专业人才培养理论框架。     

论独立学院会计学专业人才培养实践课程建设——以北京科技大学天津学院为例

独立学院会计学专业实践课程建设存在着课程内容重复,仿真效果不强,实训材料单一,考核难以把握,实习基地建设有困难,实践课程综合性不强,安排的时间不合理等问题。针对上述问题,可通过指导教师多加沟通,多专业合作建立仿真模拟实验室共同开展综合实训,实习材料差异化,考核层面多元化,多方利用资源开发实习基地,科学合理安排校内实践课程时间等方式解决。     

Decentralized computation procurement and computational robustness in a smart market

Summary. Several `smart market' mechanisms have recently appeared in the literature. These mechanisms combine a computer network that collects bids from agents with a central computer that selects a schedule of bids to fill based upon maximization of revenue or trading surplus. Potential problems exist when this optimization involves combinatorial difficulty sufficient to overwhelm the central computer. This paper explores the use of a computation procuring clock auction to induce human agents to approximate the solutions to discrete constrained optimization problems. Economic and computational properties of the auction are studied through a series of laboratory experiments. The experiments are designed around a potential application of the auction as a secondary institution that approximates the solution to difficult computational problems that occur within the primary `smart market', and show that the auction is effective and robust in eliciting and processing suggestions for improved schedules. Received: November 5, 1996; revised version: September 30, 1997     

Using the Hawthorne effect to examine the gap between a doctor's best possible practice and actual performance

Many doctors in developing countries provide considerably lower quality care to their patients than they have been trained to provide. The gap between best possible practice and actual performance (often referred to as the know-do gap) is difficult to measure among doctors who differ in levels of training and experience and who face very different types of patients. We exploit the Hawthorne effect-in which doctors change their behavior when a researcher comes to observe their practices-to measure the gap between best and actual performance. We analyze this gap for a sample of doctors and also examine the impact of the organization for which doctors work on their performance. We find that some organizations succeed in motivating doctors to work at levels of performance that are close to their best possible practice. This paper adds to recent evidence that motivation can be as important to health care quality as training and knowledge.