金融调控政策对房地产市场的影响

本文运用事件分析法,采用多变量回归模型考察一系列房地产金融调控政策对房地产业的影响.分析表明,在短期内一系列金融调控政策时房地产上市公司产生了平均的显著为负的累计异常回报率,同时,也显著增大了房地产上市公司股票的系统风险,从而验证了一系列金融调控政策对房地产上市公司所产生的负的股东财富效应.因此,笔者认为单凭借货币政策难以解决我国现阶段房地产市场价格过高问题.还需借助财政政策、土地政策、引导消费预期等综合手段来调控房地产市场.     

房产税能够降低房价吗——基于DID方法对我国房产税试点的评估

基于2006-2012年全国35个大中城市的面板数据,利用DID(倍差法)检验了上海、重庆房产税试点对商品房价格、商品房中住宅价格以及住宅中高档住宅价格的影响。研究发现,我国房产税试点中不存在明显的政策预期效应;房产税试点显著降低了住宅价格,但对商品房价格和高档住宅价格影响不显著。因此,对房地产市场调控而言,仅仅依赖房产税政策将存在较大的局限性,需结合其他手段进行综合调控。     

“国五条”背景下楼市调控热点问题讨论

作者以楼市调控"国五条"为例,澄清了楼市调控中围绕中央-地方政府、政府-开发商等利益主体的流行谬误,探索"新城镇化"下房地产调控长效机制。文章认为,房价高企、调控落空,责不全在地方政府,甚至与开发商关系不大,中央政府的土地计划供给、政策出台频繁仓促难辞其咎,而媒体推波助澜,加剧了市场波动。房地产调控下三四线城市将比一二线城市面临更大的财政危机,房荒和"鬼城"将同时出现。     

情势变更在商品房预售合同中的适用——以宏观政策调整为背景

商品房预售合同通常是指房地产开发企业将尚未建成的房屋作为标的物出售并转移房屋所有权给购房者,由预购人支付价款的书面协议。商品房预售制度为房地产开发企业提供了工程建设款项,解决了资金不足的问题,因而成为新建商品房销售的主要形式之一。然而近年来,因房价高企,国家连续出台房地产市场调控政策,而随着房地产政策调控的出台,时常会伴随着“退房潮”的出现,一些商品房买受人以“情势变更”为由请求人民法院判决撤销合同并要求房地产开发企业退还定金或首付款。     

我国商品房价格增长与宏观经济因素的关联性研究

文章基于我国商品房价格增长率、利率、工业增加值增速、通货膨胀率以及货币供给量增长率五个主要的宏观经济指标,利用多变量向量自回归(VAR)模型研究了我国商品房价格增长与宏观经济运行之间的相互关系。所得到的结果表明,我国通货膨胀率和货币供给量增长率能够显著影响商品房价格增长率,而利率和工业增加值增速对我国商品房价格增长率的影响作用较弱,因此,控制房地产行业的货币供给对限制房地产价格快速增长是一项行之有效的调控政策。     

"国六条"政策对全国商品房房价的影响

从2002年到2007年,房地产一直扮演着中国市场经济发展中最高调的角色,占有中国GDP比重的10%以上,然而其自身的问题也越来越突出,如房价的虚高,供应结构不合理等.本文通过对政府的"国六条"政策出台后商品房市场状况的比较,进而大致得出国家的政策在房地产业中的影响.     

对“国五条”房价调控政策的评析

从"国五条"的内容、出台背景出发,引出对其闪光点、不足、效果以及相应的改善措施等多角度的评析,以期对房地产的调控有所建树。     

对现行房地产调控政策的几点思考

房地产行业是时下宏观经济调控的重点,面对居高不下的房价,我国政府采取了一系列严格的调控措施,力图促使房价回归至合理水平,达成满足人民群众基本居住要求的目标。当前房地产调控政策的核心是"限购",在实施过程中,各方对政策的实施效果、政策的利弊可谓褒贬不一。文章主要通过对目前"限购"政策的效果,存在问题的分析,提出对完善当前房地产调控政策的思考和建议。     

北京一日两发文剑指楼市

在国家统计局发布9月70大中城市房价情况后仅1天,10月23日,北京连续发布《关于加快中低价位自住型改善性商品住房建设意见》和被称作升级版北京房地产调控政策的"京七条"两项房地产调控政策,意在从供需两端加强对房地产调控。对此,业内人士指出,较之前深圳发布的"深八条",北京"京七条"更有     

2012—2015年:中国房地产走势预测

2012—2015年期间,是中国"十二五"规划能否实现的关键时期。作为对中国宏观经济影响深远的房地产业,从2001年到2010年在经历了持续近十年的高速上涨后,与中国低收入相比的高房价形成了严重失衡态势。2011年中国政府出台了"国十条"、"限购令"等严厉的调控政策,一方面起到压制商品房过快增长的作用,另一方面加大各类保障房的建设力度,让房地产价格由政策调控尽快回归到市场调控的健康发展轨道上来。但是,在国际、国内不确定的宏观经济影响下的中国房地产市场最终走向何方很难形成定论。本文通过对国际、国内宏观经济形势和微观房地产市场的分析,对2012至2015年的中国房地产走势进行了预测,并提出了相关建议。     

区域一体化政策、要素流动与居民获得感提升*——基于政策文本的量化分析

区域一体化政策实施的意图是通过弱化要素流动壁垒、缩小区域发展差距，从而提升居民获得感。本文从交通互联互通、行政壁垒弱化、经济合作和劳动力流动四个角度构建政策措施指数，从缩小地区居民收入差距和改善居民获得感两个层面研究区域一体化战略的政策效果。研究发现：（1）区域一体化政策在缩小地区居民收入差距的基础上，可对等地提升居民获得感，行政措施是提升居民获得感的主要政策措施。（2）地区居民收入差距的收敛是居民获得感提升的客观基础，区域一体化政策缩小地区居民收入差距的政策效果在不同阶段和不同地区具有异质性。（3）区域一体化政策中的交通措施和行政措施通过引导资本形成扩散效应能显著缩小地区居民收入差距，是提升居民获得感的主要渠道。     

Real Estate Market Policy and Household Demand for Housing

This paper used an estimated mixed multinomial logit model of household housing demand to examine the impact of four housing market‐related policies on a stated preference survey sample. The estimated demand probability function suggested that household choice behaviour does show huge heterogeneity. The estimated results were then employed to examine the effects of the policies. We estimated the potential disequilibrium between demand and supply under the construction‐size‐limitation policy, demonstrated that the efficient movers' subsidy increases along with the household income, and simulated the changes in housing demand when tax policy is changed. We demonstrate the potential usefulness of our modelling framework in assisting policy‐making decisions. Our model also partially explains the failures and controversies of the latest real‐estate intervention policies in China.     

Search, migration, and urban land use: The case of transportation policies

We develop a search-matching model with rural-urban migration and an explicit land market. Wages, job creation, urban housing prices are endogenous and we characterize the steady-state equilibrium. We then consider three different policies: a transportation policy that improves the public transport system in the city, an entry-cost policy that encourages investment in the city and a restricting-migration policy that imposes some costs on migrants. We show that all these policies can increase urban employment but the transportation policy has much more drastic effects. This is because a decrease in commuting costs has both a direct positive effect on land rents, which discourages migrants to move to the city, and a direct negative effect on urban wages, which reduces job creation and thus migration. When these two effects are combined with search frictions, the interactions between the land and the labor markets have amplifying positive effects on urban employment. Thus, improving the transport infrastructure in cities can increase urban employment despite the induced migration from rural areas.     

Talent introduction and housing price: a tale of Xi’an

A comprehensive competition policy for talent introduction was first implemented in Xi’an in February 2017 and has been imitated by many cities in China ever since. Although turned out to be useful in alleviating the problem of talents loss in the lower-tier cities, the policy has been criticized for its potential effect of driving up housing prices. Using the synthetic control method proposed by Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003), we explore the influence of the competition policy for talent introduction on housing prices in Xi’an. Based on the monthly data of Xi’an and 62 control cities across 30 provinces in China from January 2015 to April 2018, we find strong evidence for the positive effect of the competition policy on housing prices. Specifically, the policy increased housing prices in Xi’an by approximately 43% until April 2018.     

城市居民住房承受能力测度研究——剩余收入视角

借鉴扩展线性支出系统模型确定家庭食品、衣着、家庭设备用品及服务等非住房基本消费支出的基础上,运用剩余收入法测度了2003—2008年武汉市七种不同类型家庭的住房承受能力。剩余收入法测度结果能反映出不同类型家庭住房承受能力的具体差距,显示出武汉市中等偏下收入及以下收入家庭面临住房承受能力问题,并且收入越低住房承受能力问题越突出,结果比传统比率法更具有说服力。而比率法测度显示中等偏上户及以下家庭面临住房承受能力问题,扩大了存在住房承受能力问题的家庭范围。运用剩余收入法可以定量地测度各类家庭住房承受能力的大小和绝对差距,有助于确定城市中低收入家庭住房补贴的对象及标准,制定我国公共住房销售、租赁政府指导价格,促进完善住房保障政策。     

Increasing returns,land use controls and housing prices in China

The Chinese government has been active in trying to cool the alleged bubbles in its housing markets, especially in urban areas. This paper argues that the high housing prices are partly caused by some real factors, including the policy of restricting land uses, in particular the maintenance of a minimum overall agricultural acreage. A simple model of three sectors (housing, agriculture, and others) is constructed to examine the effects of the artificial constraint. The role of increasing returns in the non-agricultural sectors in exacerbating the policy biases is also examined. The model is then calibrated to estimate the effects of land use control policy on housing prices in China.     

Reform, Interaction of Policies, and Economic Growth: Evidence from China’s Provincial Panel Data

Based on provincial panel data, we tested the effects of openness, denationalization, fiscal reform, and their interactions on Chinese regional economic growth. We found the following: (1) Openness, especially the growth of foreign-direct-investment/gross-domestic-product ratio, has been important in enhancing China’s growth since the mid-1980s, while this effect is not so significant in western China. (2) Fiscal reform is another significant factor for economic growth. If local governments deregulate, higher growth will be obtained. In particular, reducing extrabudget expenditure helps push economic growth, especially in western China. (3) The interaction of economic policies, such as openness, denationalization, and fiscal reform, also plays an essential role in local economic growth. Both for the whole nation and for the eastern area, denationalization does not affect growth independently but expands the effects of deregulation. (4) After controlling economic policies and their interactions, conditional convergence exists. (5) With other factors controlled, eastern China achieved higher growth, while the middle and western areas did not differ significantly in growth. (6) Western China, where policy variables have lower explanatory power for growth, has a growth pattern different from those of the eastern and middle areas. Translated from the World Economic Papers, 2005, (1) (in Chinese)     

房价波动、调控政策立场估计及其影响效应研究--基于1998-2014年数据的实证分析

调控政策对房价的反应、立场和影响效应是政府政策设计的重要依据,2007年底金融危机爆发后,调控政策和房价波动都发生了显著变化。文章以2008年为界,构建了三个房价和政策变量的月度时间序列样本：1998-2007年、2008-2014年和1998-2014年,在此基础上,对2008年前后调控政策的反应、立场和影响效应进行了实证分析。结果表明：(1)实际贷款利率和货币供应量在2008年前后对目标变量的反应是交错变化的,货币供应量对房价的反应与假定相反,货币政策并未对房价做出充分反应,而财政和土地政策表现出了较好的反应结果。(2)货币供应量对房价波动的影响最大,是房价持续上涨的重要原因,2008年以来,固定资产投资的影响非常显著,脉冲响应分析发现利率只能在短期内对房价产生负向影响,除土地政策外,货币和财政政策皆会在长期内对房价产生稳定影响。文章的研究为推进房价政策调控和房地产市场健康稳定发展提供了可靠的经验支持。     

租售比与中国城市住房泡沫*

本文在住房消费性和投资性需求基础上,通过泡沫和无泡沫租售比测度住房泡沫。本文对中国1996-2013年35个大中城市数据分析发现：第一,北京、上海等16个城市存在住房泡沫;第二,房价预期易催生东部和一线城市而非中西部和二三线城市住房泡沫;第三,利率政策对抑制中西部和二三线城市住房泡沫比东部和一线城市更有效;第四,住房存量过大引发住房泡沫;第五,房贷和开发成本助长住房泡沫;第六,土地财政助长住房泡沫,但股票市场回报率抑制住房泡沫。     

资源-环境双重约束下我国环境政策工具的选择

根据国际环境政策实施的经验教训以及环境政策制定的取向,提出我国环境政策的建立应该综合应用战略环境影响评价（SEA）、环境影响评价（EIA）、生态补偿（PES）、协议保护机制（CCM）和企业社会责任（CSR）等政策工具,并把这些政策工具传递到国家政策与制度层面以及区域协议上,推动跨国企业与金融信贷履行环境责任与义务。促进项目建设中对环境保护的规划,加强生态系统的恢复与重建,保护和更新资源,建立以政策工具包为基础的综合环境管理体系。同时,推动产业结构调整与升级,加快我国生态环境保护政策的优化与创新。