新形势下产融结合之道

就产融结合来看,东部地区的金融业比较发达,应该重点发展金融主导型的合作模式,而在中西部地区则应该发展产业主导型的合作模式。     

THE BALANCED CAPITAL STRUCTURE

At leading companies, financial executives are becoming business partners rather than just scorekeepers. In this environment, capital structure can be a source of competitive advantage, and financial strategy issues are critical: Should your company buy back shares or issue stock, grow internally or join the M & A boom, issue fixed-rate debt or stay floating? These decisions must be addressed one company at a time, balancing the competing priorities of cost, risk, and flexibility. The most important issue, target leverage, depends on the company's desired risk profile, growth plans, and debt cost considerations. But market conditions are also very important: Can the company access the equity market? How will a repurchase announcement be interpreted? Market conditions also affect the raising of debt capital. Rather than maintaining a constant mix of fixed- to floating-rate debt, companies should shift the mix during high- or low-yield environments. Many other financing issues will effectively be decided by market convention. For example, meeting a company's needs with respect to seniority, maturity structure, call flexibility, and financial covenants is often accomplished simply by choosing the market that most closely matches the firm's cost and risk preferences.     

THE COSTS OF RAISING CAPITAL

We report the average costs of raising external debt and equity capital for U.S. corporations from 1990 to 1994. For initial public offerings (IPOs) of equity, the direct costs average 11.0 percent of the proceeds. For seasoned equity offerings (SEOs), the direct costs average 7.1 percent. For convertible bonds, the direct costs average 3.8 percent. For straight debt issues, the direct costs average 2.2 percent, although they are strongly related to the credit rating of the issue. All classes of securities exhibit economies of scale, although they are less pronounced for straight debt issues. IPOs also incur a substantial indirect cost due to short-run underpricing. Most large equity offers include an international tranche, although debt issues do not.     

CAPITAL FORMATION AND THE INTERNET

The Internet is expected to play a significant role in the capital-raising process. Internet investment banks like Wit Capital and WR Hambrecht are supposed to make the IPO process more equitable by giving retail investors access to deals and pricing deals more accurately, thereby leaving less "money on the table" and lowering the cost of going public.
This article argues that the Internet will not replace, but will likely "supplement," the current system. The certification function provided by traditional investment banks and their relationships with institutional investors will continue to be important determinants of a successful offering. Thus, although Internet banks will get pieces of IPO transactions, the lead managers of such deals will continue to be older firms with well-established reputations and ties with institutions.
Nevertheless, the Internet is expected to play a larger role in the case of public bond offerings. Because the issuance of bonds is a repetitive business and the pricing is much simpler, the authors predict that the Internet will significantly reduce the costs of issuing bonds and perhaps limit the role of traditional investment banks in this process.     

THE ECLIPSE OF GROWTH CAPITAL

The truth is that junk bonds were misnamed, and therefore misunderstood.
The Economist, February 9, 1991     

资本市场全面实行注册制再提速

在日前召开的中央经济工作会议上,全面实行股票发行注册制被再次提及。对于2022年的经济工作,会议强调,要抓好要素市场化配置综合改革试点,全面实行股票发行注册制。多位接受记者采访的专家表示,在科创板和创业板改革并试点注册制运行良好的情况下,全市场实行注册制条件已经具备。     

资本运营的最大化法则

资本运营是一把双刃剑，做得好。能让企业发展壮大；做得不好。则前功尽弃。企业家的资本运营能力对企业发展的意义重大。     

THE USER COST AND CAPITAL BUDGETING

This study describes the relationship between the user cost of capital and capital budgeting processes and presents a formula for computing the user cost of an investment, accommodating the existence of taxes, inflation, and a nonconstant level of production. A project acceptability criterion assigning positive net present value when cash operating income exceeds user cost is discussed and applied to several examples. The test is shown to be useful and easy to apply.