农地确权、信任转换与农村金融 的新古典发展*

兼具资本、不动产和商品三种属性的土地，可以作为陌生人社会中的声誉载体。它可以被商业银行接受为抵押品并用于控制借款者的违约风险。土地确权也可以因此促进农村金融的现代化发展。本文理论模型及其实证分析表明：土地确权可以从广度、交易环境、深度和宽度四个方面，促进农村金融的内生发展。本文研究还发现：土地确权不仅提高了制度信任在商业银行风险控制中的重要性，还降低了商业银行对人际信任和社会资本的过度依赖。通过促进人际信任向制度信任的模式转换，土地确权有利于农村金融的新古典式发展。     

家族企业信任机制的缺陷及重构对策

一、家族企业现行信任机制的特点 所谓信任就是指对交往对方以及交往行为能产生合意的结果的相信。人们的信任心理总是与获得的预期利益相联系。信任作为一种社会心理和态度．具有某种感染或扩散的特征。中国家族企业的产生就是基于血缘关系的信任。社会学大师马克斯·韦伯认为，在中国几乎一切超出个体经济范围的有组织的经济实体，都建立在现实的或模仿的宗族化的基础上。我国的家族企业的信任机制具有以下特点。     

诚信涵解析

诚信是社会各种交往得以正常进行的前提。无论是传统社会还是现代社会。各种社会形态都具有其特定的诚信体制以促使社会主体之间信任关系的发生。文章在对传统诚信概念梳理和剖析的基础上，将传统诚信观与时代精神相结合，探讨了市场经济条件下的诚信新内涵。     

中国经济发展模式的演进与启示

中国的经济体制先后经历了计划经济体制、转轨经济体制和市场经济体制,与此相对应,形成了具有时代特征的经济发展模式。中国当前的经济发展模式面临着经济增长高度依赖投资和过度依赖外部需求的问题,塑造新经济发展模式需要从经济体制、市场主体、资源配置方式、经济增长、产业选择和调控方式等方面做出调整。中国的经济发展模式只有不断调整优化,才能实现持续发展和大国崛起的目标。     

论虚拟团队管理中的信任问题

从虚拟团队形式产生的复杂性背景来看,有必要从不同的角度来理解信任,因为它不同于传统团队形式中的信任。虚拟团队在整个组织的所有层面上减少了成员面对面交往的机会,提高了团队不同文化间的跨度,这些特性都会影响团队的社会相互影响过程。社会的相互作用有助于团队成员在组织中建立信任,并且对团队的职能和整合也十分重要。由于传统的控制和协调方式已不再适合,所以信任在虚拟环境中的作用越来越突出,它有助于将组织成员团结在一起努力共同工作。     

解析我国社会的信任危机

社会信任危机指社会成员在相互交往过程中由于信息的缺失或者地位权利的非对称性而导致的关系的不确定性状况。众所周知，信任是保持人与人之间正常交往和维持社会正常运行的一个基本机制。但是，近几年来，社会信任却似乎陷入了一种畸变的状态：假冒伪劣、坑蒙拐骗、贪赃枉法等社会毒瘤正慢慢侵蚀社会     

差异化需求、信息传递结构与资源依赖中的组织间合作

资源依赖理论在解释组织间关系时关注组织间的双边权力,当其被置于组织网络结构中时,经典的权力机制是否还具有解释力?本文以在线教育组织为案例,运用网络分析方法探讨组织网络结构对组织间资源依赖关系的影响。研究发现,在一个由利益相关者共同参与的组织网络中,用户通过表达差异化需求,组织通过改变信息沟通结构,实现了组织间的目标协同、信息共享和信任增强,突破了经典资源依赖理论的权力机制,形成了资源利益基础上的合作机制。     

转型期我国中小企业与研究机构合作的信任基础

中国社会转型期间的信任结构极大地影响着研究机构与中小企业的合作方式和效率。本文认为．信任机制是决定研究机构与中小企业合作是否成功的基础,并从理论上剖析了转型期信任机制的转变规律。     

诚信内涵解析

诚信是社会各种交往得以正常进行的前提。无论是传统社会还是现代社会,各种社会形态都具有其特定的诚信体制以促使社会主体之间信任关系的发生。文章在对传统诚信概念梳理和剖析的基础上,将传统诚信观与时代精神相结合,探讨了市场经济条件下的诚信新内涵。     

组织间信任与组织间人际信任的作用比较——来自中国家电分销渠道的实证分析

企业间关系中的信任可以分为两个层次：组织间信任和组织间人际信任。西方营销学者曾在许多研究中检验两个层次的信任对组织间关系变量的影响。本文通过构建一个结构方程模型．以家电分销渠道中的分销商为样本，对比了中国市场上两个层次的信任对一些重要的组织问关系变量的作用，以此来展现中国市场上企业间关系中信任的特征。     

Socioeconomic value of religion and the impacts of ideological change in China

Ideology is a primary factor that influences socioeconomic development and social stability, particularly in rapidly changing developing countries such as China. To understand the socioeconomic value of ideology during China's recent history, and the impacts of ideological change, I evaluated the potential links with socioeconomic development by presenting a historical perspective on the changing Chinese ideology. Since the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, China has followed a bumpy road created by the contradiction between official government atheism, the lack of an ideology with a strong ethical grounding, and the desire of many people to believe in a higher power (i.e., a divinity). This contradiction may have increased social transaction costs, decreased social stability and economic efficiency, and damaged environmental conservation. Although China has experienced an extraordinary economic boom in the past three decades, the socioeconomic system may be more fragile than is commonly believed because it has been undermined by this ideological confusion. To promote sustainable socioeconomic development, China's government, scientists, and citizens should seek a new ideology that accommodates the desire for more religious freedom by promoting prosocial institutional reform.     

Township-village enterprises,local governments and rural communities: the Chinese village as a firm during economic transition1

The nature of TVEs and the real functions of township-village governments are rooted in the Chinese township-village organization. The management of common property in a village group or a rural community is quite different from management in a situation where the boundaries of common property are unclear. Before economic reform, the cooperative elements or interspecific resources, such as low information costs, kinship ties, trust and cooperative spirit belonged in common to all villagers, yet cooperation was absent because the Chinese state appropriated the collective benefits. During the course of reform, the link between village official and state is being gradually broken down and the official is returning to his own village organization. The original interspecific resources of villagers and the identity of the village leader as government official are institutionalized as specific contractual relations in China's reform circumstances. The Chinese village behaves as a firm-type organization and the collective benefits can be internalized during the economic transition.     

地下水灌溉系统产权制度的创新与理论解释——小型水利工程的实证研究

水资源管理制度和政策越来越被认为是解决日益严重的水资源短缺问题的重要手段。本项研究的主要目的是分析我国地下水灌溉系统产权制度的创新过程和诱导因素 ,为国家引导和制定合理的水资源管理政策提供理论和实证依据。本项研究采用了定量研究的方法 ,建立了地下水灌溉系统产权制度创新模型 ,分析数据来源于作者对河北省 3县 3 0个村的实地调查。研究结果表明 ,80年代以来 ,以河北省为代表的地下水灌溉系统的产权制度逐渐从集体产权向非集体产权演变。影响地下水灌溉系统产权制度创新的主要因素是水资源开发利用程度、生存环境、社区经济条件、社区人力资本、市场发育程度、水利财政政策和水利信贷政策等因素。本项研究还对如何引导产权制度创新更快更有效的发展提出了一些政策建议。     

中国医疗服务市场中的信息不对称程度测算

本文构建了一个医疗服务市场上信息不对称程度的测度模型,并基于"中国健康与营养调查"(CHNS)中微观个体调查数据,对医疗服务市场上医患双方的信息程度及其对最终的医疗服务价格的影响效应进行了实证测度。研究结果表明:(1)医患双方所掌握的信息因素对最终医疗服务价格的形成具有重要影响,同时医生相对于患者掌握着更多的信息并具有更强的议价能力;(2)几乎所有的患者都将被迫接受一个高于公正基准价格的价格,平均而言达成的医疗服务价格相对于公正的基准价格要高出26.61%;(3)年度效应分析发现,1989—2006年,各年度的医疗服务市场价格大致都高于公正基准价格26%左右,换言之,改革开放以来中国的医疗服务体制改革,并未有效起到解决"看病难、看病贵"的作用;(4)患者在城乡因素、医疗保险、工作状况、年龄以及受教育程度等因素上的异质性,对医患双方最终价格的作用是有限的。本文的政策含义是:强调通过引进竞争,强化市场机制在医疗服务市场中调节作用的改革思路,是否适合中国值得反思。解决现实中普遍存在的医疗服务价格虚高问题,回归医疗服务的公益性,需要政府更多地参与其中,并有效发挥价格规制、市场监管以及外部性矫正等功能。     

Debunking the myth about China’s low consumption

This article argues that the generally held belief about China’s consumption being too low is a myth based on the misapplied Keynesian theory and inaccurate official statistics. The article identifies three sources of underestimation of household consumption by China’s official statistics: housing consumption is grossly underestimated, private consumption paid by companies is not accounted for, and most importantly, high income households are significantly underrepresented in the household surveys on which household consumption statistics are based. A re-estimation suggests that the rate of China’s consumption is more than 60% of GDP, not the official 48–49%, and it is comparable to the level experienced by the high income East Asian economies during their rapid growing years.     

支付制度、医生的行为与药物经济学的应用

制度影响人们的行为选择,引发不同的效率结果。在医疗卫生市场中,不同的支付制度加上一些其他经济因素,使得追求收益最大化的医生具有不同的目标收益函数和行为选择。这些行为选择对社会而言可能具有效率,也可能无效率。通过比较不同支付制度下医生的行为选择及其是否符合效率准则,我们能够发现对药物经济学应用有利的一些制度因素。     

Group cooperation of village officials in Chinese rural resettlement: A lab in the field

We examine decisions made by village officials in a public goods game and their impact on villagers' attitudes toward a resettlement project in seven rural villages in China. The data comes from two sources: (i) a laboratory experiment with village officials, and (ii) a survey of villagers. Villages whose officials exhibited more cooperative behavior in the laboratory reported higher support levels from the villagers. We find that teams with higher average contribution levels in the PGG game relayed the resettlement news to their villagers earlier than other teams and also possess greater altruistic preferences.     

医患关系的现状调查及对策

基于某三级医院的183名医生和247名患者的问卷调查,发现医患关系紧张的原因有社会投入严重不足、卫生体制滞后、社会矛盾的体现、医患沟通欠佳、媒体推波助澜、病人救济渠道不畅等因素,故需要通过加强立法,确保医疗卫生投入、加强医患沟通、建立医疗纠纷的解决体系等途径加以解决。     

家和家人的范围、层级和功能分析

本文基于历史和当代制度及民众实践,提出中国的家实际包括同宗之家、服亲之家、同祖之家、同父之家和夫妇之家五个层级,进而形成家层级结构概念。根据本项研究,近代之前,同宗之家、服亲之家和同祖之家特别是服亲之家、同祖之家成员在官方制度中被赋予较多的责任、义务和权利功能,这些功能以允许、限制和鼓励所为的形式表现出来。民国时期,同宗之家、服亲之家和同祖之家成员间功能关系减弱,当代功能性关系降至同父之家成员范围内,且具有了男女双系特征。在民间社会,婚丧嫁娶等仪式性活动中同祖之家仍是重要关系单位。乡村服亲之家成员在礼仪性活动中多有互动,在村庄公职竞选中仍为人们所重视。     

The demonstration effect of transactions between strangers on those between acquaintances: evidence from land rentals in rural China

ABSTRACT

Over the last decade, introducing outer village lessees has been an important approach to increasing the marketization of land rentals in rural China. However, with large numbers of informal features among acquaintances, the effect of introducing outer village lessees is ambiguous. In this paper, data from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey are used to analyse the demonstration effect of land rentals between strangers on those between acquaintances, and land rent is used to represent the marketization of land rentals. The estimated results indicate that with the emergence of outer village lessees, lessors transacting with acquaintances are more likely to obtain high land rents and to rent out farmland for profit. Evidence shows that profit motives are the key pathway by which the presence of outer village lessees affects land rents. The analysis using the sample of lessees supports our findings. Our analysis implies that the demonstration effect exists in land rental markets, and also provides a feasible instrument for promoting market-oriented land rentals between acquaintances.