金融体系结构与金融危机

本文通过跨国实证分析,系统考察了金融体系结构和金融危机之间的相互联系和决定因素.实证结果表明:(1)金融体系结构对金融危机的发生概率具有显著影响,"市场主导型"金融体系的国家比"银行主导型"金融体系的国家更容易发生金融危机;(2)金融危机期间不同国家经济受冲击的程度也与金融体系结构密切相关,在那些具有"市场主导型"金融体系结构的国家,一旦发生金融危机,其GDP增长率受到的负面冲击将更大;(3)从金融体系结构的内部构成来看,金融危机的发生概率随着一国金融市场规模的增大而显著升高,同时随着一国银行业规模的增大而显著降低.上述事实倾向表明,在金融体系结构的两个主要构成部分中,银行在某种程度上扮演着金融稳定器的角色,而金融市场则内含着某些诱发不稳定的因素.     

金融体系变迁对金融稳定性的影响

理论研究中,根据金融体系内部银行体系和金融市场所占份额和作用大小,可以把各国金融体系划分为“银行主导”和“市场主导”两种类型。从理论分析角度看,银行体系和金融市场具有各自独特的优势,难分优劣。但是,从全球金融发展的历程看,各国都出现了明显的金融市场化趋势,也即金融市场在各国金融体系中的地位越来越重要^①。从经济危机发生的史实看,银行主导型金融体系中主要危机事件是银行倒闭,而市场主导型金融体系中主要危机事件是由资产价格波动引发的金融危机。如果我们把金融市场相对于银行体系的份额上升看作是金融体系由银行主导型向市场主导型变迁的活,则金融体系变迁是否意味着金融危机的发生机制出现了根本性的变化?是否意味着以金融稳定为己任的中央银行应该更多地关注资产价格的波动?     

点评第九届至第十一届(2005～2007年度)中国资本市场论坛

2005年度的中国资本市场论坛提出,中国应建立市场主导型金融体系,同时论述了金融文化和法律制度方面对中国选择市场主导型金融体系提供了一定的基础。这是中国金融体制改革进行了20余年之后,我们开始对我国金融体系的战略目标进行的重新思考。     

点经堂

2005年度的中国资本市场论坛提出，中国应建立市场主导型金融体系，同时论述了金融文化和法律制度方面对中国选择市场主导型金融体系提供了一定的基础。这是中国金融体制改革进行了20余年之后，我们开始对我国金融体系的战略目标进行的重新思考。     

金融体系比较与演进:理论综述

根据直接融资(保持距离型融资)和间接融资(关系型融资)在一国金融体系中比重的大小,我们可以大致将世界各国的金融体系简单的分为市场主导型金融体系和金融中介(银行)主导型金融体系。金融中介与金融市场的关系应该采取动态的功能主义观点进行考察;两种金融体系在促进经济增长的功能机制发挥上不存在明显差异;极端型的金融体系稳定性较差,混合型金融体系稳定性较好;民法法系国家容易形成中介主导型金融体系,普通法系国家容易形成市场主导型金融体系;金融中介与市场的竞争、银行经营制度、经济国家转轨是影响金融体系演进的重要因素,金融体系的演进符合路径依赖理论,金融体系的设计应该采取整体的观点。     

不同融资结构对经济增长的利弊分析

各国的经济规模、文化、历史和技术创新的不同,金融机构和金融市场的存在形式可谓是千差万别。依据金融中介机构（银行）和金融市场在金融体系中发挥作用的不同,将金融体系划分为两类：以“银行主导型”和“市场主导型”两大模式。市场主导型金融体系是指以直接融资市场为主导的金融体系,银行主导型是以间接融资市场为主导的金融体系。从金融发展理论看。银行主导和市场主导这两种体系并无绝对优劣之分。在风险分担、信息处理、融资功能和公司治理方面,银行主导型和市场主导型金融体系各有利弊,关键是要配合当时经济发展的水平。     

浅析我国金融制度的变迁

一个制度的变迁方式,主要看这个社会的权力机构之间的博弈和协商,而我国金融制度变化乃至整个经济制度变迁的核心重要表现于政府供给主导型变迁让位于需求主导型制度变迁.由于"国家悖论"、政府效用函数最大化以及政府偏好序列的约束,及各个既得利益集团为获取制度租金而采取的博弈,使政府供给主导型的强制性金融制度变迁具有强势路径依赖的特征,锁定在低效状态.本文主要以相关理论为依据以我国金融制度的历史变迁为背景,阐述我国金融制度变迁的及发展的进程.     

浅析国际金融制度在我国的变迁

一个制度的变迁方式,主要看这个社会的权力机构之间的博弈和协商,而我国金融制度变化乃至整个经济制度变迁的核心重要表现于政府供给主导型变迁让位于需求主导型制度变迁。由于"国家悖论"、政府效用函数最大化以及政府偏好序列的约束,及各个既得利益集团为获取制度租金而采取的博弈,使政府供给主导型的强制性金融制度变迁具有强势路径依赖的特征,锁定在低效状态。本文主要以相关理论为依据以我国金融制度的历史变迁为背景,阐述我国金融制度变迁及发展的进程。     

浅谈对中国金融体系选择与发展的思考

中国经济增长和金融体系的改革与发展都取得了令人满意的成果。但由于金融的波动也曾引发了经济的震荡,本文从适用于发展中国家的“金融约束论”谈起,认为银行主导型金融体系是中国的最佳选择,高度控制的金融体系对中国的经济发展是有效的,但从长远看,我们还应继续完善中央银行宏观调整机制。     

社会信用文化、金融体系结构与金融业组织形式

本文以银行业绩效为依托,纳入社会信用文化这一新的影响因子,试图在一个更广阔的层面上综合考察决定金融业绩效的各种因素,并尝试在这一过程中探求社会信用文化、金融体系结构和金融业组织形式及其绩效表现之间的内在联系机制。实证结果表明,社会信用文化对金融体系的效率和金融体系结构的选择具有重要影响,而法律传统、政府治理及管理能力也在金融体系结构和金融业组织形式的选择上起着重要作用,并最终影响到金融业运行效率。     

非正规金融发展的区域差异及其经济增长效应

中国非正规金融发展呈现出明显的区域差异,这与商业文化发达程度、正规金融对民营企业金融支持力度、民间资金丰裕度等因素有关.利用区域宏观经济数据在新古典经济增长理论框架下对金融发展的经济增长效应进行实证检验,文章发现非正规金融发展的区域差异对经济增长的区域差异具有显著的解释力.通过对金融发展水平指标的重新构建,文章认为正规金融与非正规金融均有显著的经济增长效应.     

An Institutional Perspective to Finance and Development as an Alternative to Financial Liberalisation

This paper argues that financial liberalisation as practiced recently worldwide engenders widespread financial crises precisely because of the weak foundations of its theoretical framework and poor empirical performance. Financial liberalisation is critically evaluated on both theoretical and empirical grounds, which suggests that an alternative is vitally necessary. Based on institutional theory,a new approach is proposed the focus of which is on ways to affect financial and banking transformation that is more consistent with economic development. We demonstrate how this theoretical approach can be applied in the real world, and indeed how the theoretical propositions we put forward in this contribution, very different from those of financial liberalisation, produce a more developmentally oriented set of policies for the countries that are prepared to pursue them.     

Is globalization detrimental to financial development? Further evidence from a very large emerging economy with significant orientation towards policies

This study attempts to explore the relationship between globalization and financial development by endogenizing economic growth, population density, inflation and institutional quality for India during the period from 1971–2013. Using the more conclusivecombined cointegration method, the study provides evidence of cointegration among these variables. The long-run and short-run estimates from the ARDL model and causality tests, respectively, suggest that globalization in its all forms (political, social and economic) and its overall measure as well as inflation are detrimental to financial development, while economic growth and population density both promote financial development. Furthermore, the results also point out that institutional quality is not conducive to financial development in India, and there exists a feedback effect between financial development and inflation. Moreover, financial development is influenced by economic growth, institutional quality and population density.     

Economics of the crisis and the crisis of economics

Abstract

The macroeconomic instability revealed in the recent deep recession steams from the condition of balance sheets. Generally high leverage and strained maturity mismatches build up slowly but generate a financial structure so brittle that the impulse that eventually sends it crashing is hard to identify. The US financial system had been rendered more vulnerable by the financial reforms that swept away the Glass-Steagall regulations. The crisis made the inadquancies of the ruling macroeconomic paradigm painfully obvious. DSGE models generally did not include a financial sector and did not take the possibility of dramatic instability seriously. Unanticipated violations of budget constraints do not fit easily into general equilibrium models.     

究竟是什么决定了一国银行业的发展

既有文献对银行业发展问题的研究,大多集中于微观层面,基于宏观层面和国家样本的分析相对不足。文章通过对全球范围内具有代表性的59个国家的实证分析,从银行业规模、效率和结构3个基本维度系统考察了决定不同国家银行业整体发展的相关因素。实证结果表明,对银行业整体规模产生显著影响的因素包括宏观经济稳定性、银行业务管制、政府的监管水平、金融开放程度以及社会信用水平;对银行业整体效率产生显著影响的因素包括宏观经济稳定性、良好的制度和管理、银行经营的规模效应、金融体系结构和监管要求;对银行业结构产生显著影响的因素包括银行业总体规模、银行业务管制、银行业开放程度以及银行腐败程度。     

Effects of financial liberalization on financial market development and economic performance of the SSA region: An empirical assessment

This study investigates the role of financial liberalization in promoting financial deepening and economic growth in Sub-Saharan African countries (SSA). We apply the more efficient system GMM estimator in dynamic panel data that combines first difference and original level specification to deal with the problems of weak instruments. Our dataset covers 21 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa over the period of 1981–2009.Additionally, the paper sought to examine both the direct and indirect impacts of financial liberalization policies on economic growth and financial deepening using a much more comprehensive and recent financial liberalization dataset. The econometric results suggest that, on average, financial liberalization is negatively associated with income growth in SSA region. Our findings provide support for the skeptical empirical view of financial liberalization in emerging markets, which show that liberalization, by itself, might be associated with lower economic growth through leading to destabilization, stimulating domestic capital flight and increasing the risk of financial fragility. However, the research finds that financial liberalization does indeed impact positively on financial deepening and resource mobilization in SSA region, after controlling for key macroeconomic factors such as institutional quality, fiscal imbalances and inflation. In fact the study reports a stronger reforms effect for countries that have stronger legal institutions, protection of property rights and higher human capital. Policy-wise, the study finds that institutional and human capital factors are important in explaining growth and financial development; therefore, it is necessary for SSA governments to promote a stronger and more transparent institutional development as we move forward.     

大国经济体金融结构变迁的理论思考*

近30年来，无论是从规模指标、行为指标还是效率指标着眼，相对于银行而言，大国经济体的股票市场均变得更大、更活跃并更有效率，进而其金融结构总体上呈现向市场导向演进的态势。金融结构的这一演变态势并不因初始金融模式的差异而不同，存在较为显著的趋同现象。经济增长模式从增长型发展向创新型发展的转型是开放型大国经济体金融结构演变的内在根源，而开放和技术变革则是引发这些国家强化或趋同市场主导型金融模式与增长模式转型的直接动因。随着中国经济环境的变化，其现有银行主导型金融结构面临着巨大挑战，股票市场在金融体系中的地位急需提升。\     

金融结构与碳排放无关吗——基于金融供给侧结构性改革的视角

金融发展与碳排放的关系近年来受到较多关注,但大多数文献只是从量的角度考察金融对碳排放的影响,忽略金融结构影响碳排放问题。本文利用1990—2014年88个经济体的数据,采用系统GMM进行实证分析,以探究金融结构与碳排放的关系。研究表明,金融结构通过影响创新而发挥减排作用,偏市场的金融结构有利于增强创新减排机制,从而显著地降低碳排放强度。这是金融规模或发展水平基本相同的经济体具有不同金融减排绩效的一个重要原因。这一研究发现可以为金融供给侧结构性改革提供一个重要的政策目标维度。     

Revisiting the finance–growth nexus: the Turkish case, 1980–2010

In Turkey, the empirical results on the link between financial development and economic growth are mixed. The existing studies do not take into account the fact that Turkey has experienced endemic political and economic instabilities over extended periods. This study aims to analyse the role of macroeconomic instability and public borrowing on the finance–growth nexus in Turkey by using time series econometric techniques over the 1980–2010 period. In doing so, we attempt to extend the existing literature by taking into account the role of macroeconomic instability as well as public borrowing. Our results reveal that there are additional – albeit indirect – channels between finance and growth via the effects of macro instability and public borrowing on financial development and economic growth. After taking into account the effects of overall instability and public borrowing, we found that growth–financial development relationship is bidirectional and permanent. In other words, in Turkish case, economic growth and financial development are jointly determined. Thus, our results shed some light on the ambiguity of the evidence on the link between financial development and economic growth for Turkey.     

我国产业结构升级对经济波动的熨平效应分析

本文基于时变参数模型的经验研究表明,改革开放以来我国产业结构升级对经济波动平稳化趋势有着显著的熨平效应,并且随着产业结构升级的不断推进,这种熨平作用亦趋明显。TGARCH模型的深入分析发现三大产业对我国经济波动幅度的影响是非对称性的:第一产业波动对经济总量波动几乎没有影响;第二产业波动对经济总量波动存在杠杆效应,而这种杠杆效应主要是由重工业带来的;但第三产业波动对经济总量波动存在明显的熨平作用,交通运输仓储和邮政业、住宿餐饮业及除五大类之外的其他服务业对经济波动的熨平效应最为显著,而批发零售业、金融业和房地产业因其自身的波动较大,对经济总量波动的熨平效应较小。本文结论的政策性启示是,为保持我国国民经济的平稳化增长势头,必须进一步优化三大产业之间的关系,深入推进产业结构升级,特别是要加快第三产业发展。