Market integration of domestic and imported seafood: Insights from the Sydney Fish Market*

Australia has experienced a significant increase in seafood imports over the past two decades. Concurrently, Australian seafood producers have raised concerns that the low market prices of imported fish may negatively affect the prices of domestically produced seafood and, subsequently, the profitability of the Australian fishing industries. To validate this concern, this study examines the relationship between prices of domestically produced seafood and imported fish. Price data from the Sydney Fish Market (SFM), Australia’s largest auction wholesale fish market and fish import data are used for a cointegration analysis which is conducted using the bivariate Johansen test. Results indicate that prices of most domestic species traded within the SFM are not cointegrated, implying that they largely develop independently of each other. However, imported fish, particularly fresh imports, were found to be cointegrated with Australian produced fresh fish supplies traded on the SFM. Although the law of one price (LOP) was only confirmed to hold for some price pairs, the results suggest a partial substitution relationship between imports and domestically caught fish. This implies that prices of domestically produced fish within the Australian market are likely impacted by price dynamics within the international seafood market.     

Examining long-run relationships between Australian beef prices

Cointegration and impulse response analyses are used to investigate the short-run and long-run dynamics of the Australian beef market. The aim of this study is to determine whether long-run relationships existed between Australian beef prices at the farm, wholesale and retail levels. Based on monthly data from 1971 to 1994, the results show that all three prices considered are cointegrated. Furthermore, the wholesale price is found to be weakly exogenous. The latter result might be an indication of market inefficiency due in part to price levelling often practised in the beef marketing system.     

Healthy Competition to Support Healthy Eating? An Investigation of Fruit and Vegetable Pricing in UK Supermarkets

Governments and public health officials are urging the public to eat more fruits and vegetables to contribute to a healthy diet. However, there is concern that a lack of effective competition amongst supermarket retailers has resulted in inflated prices for these products which are deterring consumers from eating more of these healthy foods. We investigate this by examining the nature and extent of price competition for fresh fruits and vegetables amongst UK supermarket retailers, drawing on a panel of weekly retail and corresponding wholesale market prices over a seven‐year period. We find that the extent of supermarket competition varies across the products, being quite intense on some but much weaker on others, where the retailers do not fully respond to each other's prices and where the extent of their competitive interaction varies significantly with each other.     

Spatial integration between Finnish and Dutch potato markets

This study estimated a conditional mean model for producer prices of fresh potatoes in Finland and for wholesale selling prices of fresh potatoes in the Netherlands. Unit roots were tested in the Finnish and Dutch price series. Then, an asymmetric error correction model with thresholds was estimated for potato prices between Finland and the Netherlands. Asymmetry was allowed both in short and long-run price transmission. The results suggest that the prices are cointegrated and the arbitrage system is functioning, but with a significant time lag between the Finnish and Dutch potato markets. The price response is also asymmetric in that the Finnish price moves towards a steady state equilibrium faster from above than from below the equilibrium.     

江苏省草莓现状分析及对策建议

本文介绍了我国草莓的发展过程及现状,对2020年度150个草莓样本进行农药残留含量检测,对草莓的数据及安全现状进行分析,提出了草莓种植、发展过程中的4个问题,并给出相应的对策与建议.     

我国鸡蛋价格波动传导的影响因素分析——基于非对称的研究视角

[目的]文章采用鸡蛋价格的周度批发和零售数据,从成本、替代品两个维度探讨鸡蛋价格波动的影响因素和非对称传导特征。[方法]通过滚动回归的方式探讨非对称传导特征的动态变化,并进一步探讨了鸡蛋批零价格之间的相互影响和非对称传导特点。[结果]成本、替代品价格变动对与鸡蛋批零价格具有正向影响和非对称特征,但在静态的线性回归模型中并不明显。鸡蛋批发价格受成本价格变动的影响更大,而零售价格受替代品价格变动的影响更大。在动态的滚动回归模型下,成本、替代品价格对鸡蛋价格波动具有十分明显的时变非对称特征,但这种非对称传导特征并不一致。鸡蛋批发价格早期对零售价格具有正向的非对称传导,但近年来趋向于对称传导。鸡蛋零售价格对批发价格总体具有负向的非对称传导特征,零售价格下降对批发价格的影响更大。[结论]需要建立蛋鸡产业成本—价格监测预警系统,充分发挥产业技术平台、行业协会、学会等研究机构在生产决策中的指导作用。不断完善鸡蛋供应链建设,增强调控与监管政策的灵活性与创新性。     

Air pollution and food prices: evidence from China

Air pollution is one of the top environmental concerns in China. On days with severe air pollution, people (both consumers and producers) often reduce outdoor economic activities in order to avoid possible health damages. This impacts the market trade of fresh food products, at least in a short run. This empirical study sheds light on the impact of air pollution on the short run prices of three major fresh food products (Chinese cabbage, tomatoes and pork) using daily data from the largest outdoor wholesale market in Beijing. With an increase in AQI (Air Quality Index) by 100 units, prices for Chinese cabbage and tomatoes decrease by 1.19 and 0.89 per cent. With an increase in PM2.5 concentration by 100 μg/m³, prices for Chinese cabbage and tomatoes decrease by 0.64 and 0.55 per cent. Air pollution affects vegetable prices, but has no significant impact on prices of pork products.     

Price Cycles and Asymmetric Price Transmission in the U.S. Pork Market

Economists have proposed several plausible explanations for observed price transmission asymmetries in commodity markets. Unfortunately, the econometric methods commonly used in such studies cannot empirically distinguish pricing behavior under the competing theories. We argue that the theories may be classified by firm responses to high- and low-frequency price cycles and use Engle's band spectrum regression to test the symmetry of high- and low-frequency cycles in weekly pork prices. The findings indicate that changes in wholesale prices are asymmetrically transmitted to retail prices in relatively low-frequency cycles, which does not support search costs and other high-frequency explanations. Conversely, wholesale pork prices asymmetrically adjust to changes in farm prices at all frequencies.     

CONSUMER PREFERENCE FOR PST-SUPPLEMENT PORK

Conjoint measurement was used to determine consumer preference for fresh pork produced with genetically engineered porcine somatotropin (pST). A preference model was constructed based on three pork attributes, degree of fat reduction, price, and production technology, which allowed for interactions between attributes to be estimated. Interview surveys were used to collect data in several shopping centres in three Australian cities. Respondents generally preferred leaner pST-supplemented pork, but only at fat reduction levels greater than those possible with conventionally produced pork, and at competitive prices.     

Price shock transmission: evidence from the wheat‐bread market value chain in Ethiopia

This study assesses the degree of vertical price transmission along the wheat‐bread value chain in Ethiopia. This is pursued by applying a vector error correction model and an impulse response analysis using monthly price data for the period 2000–2015. Our analysis considers transmission of price shocks across different market levels, including from the international and domestic wheat grain markets at the upstream to the domestic wheat bread market at the downstream of the value chain. The empirical findings indicate that significant cointegration exists across prices of the different market stages. There is a transmission from international prices to domestic prices at downstream markets, in particular to flour and bread prices. Prices at upstream markets are largely influenced by the domestic wholesale market. In general, the speed of adjustment is quite slow with a half‐life of about one year for restoring the equilibrium price relationship. As price margins between the different market stages in the value chain have substantially decreased in the last 15 years, higher transmission, and thus exposure to international market shocks, can be expected in the future. The results also show that causal relationships exist between prices at different market stages—with the wholesale market identified as the key market level where prices and price expectations are formed.     

FTA,Exchange rate pass‐through and export price behavior – Lessons from the Australian dairy sector

The growing number of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) alongside exchange rate volatility has raised a question on whether these affect exporters’ pricing behaviors, hence competitiveness. This study contributes to this topic by examining Australian dairy export price behavior across eight major markets taking into account the extent of pass‐through of exchange rate and tariff as well as FTAs between Australia and its trading partners. Commodity‐level dairy trade data from 1996 to 2016 and the feasible generalized least squares methods are employed. The study finds incomplete pass‐through at the industry level. The dairy export prices decrease by 1.7% if Australian dollar depreciates by 10%, while 10% tariff reduction is associated with 0.7% export price cut. Results at the commodity level show different pricing behaviors across destination and commodity markets. Overall, apart from the tariff effects, there is minimal evidence of the impacts of FTAs on dairy export prices.     

A monthly price forecasting Model for cattle and calves

Fluctuations in cattle and calf prices are examined in this study, using monthly data for Canada, for thaperiod 1958 to 1976. Prices for live animals along with wholesale and retail level prices were analyzed. Live cattle prices were. furthermore, studied by type of animals – finished steers, COWS, heifers, feeder steers and calves. The model is formulated on the hypothesis that wholesale prices of beef and veal are first discovered at the wholesale level and live animal and retail prices are then derived from the wholesale prices. Among the live animal prices, price of finished steers was hypothesized to be the price leader, whereas the other live animal prices were determined by it. The wholesale beef price was found to be highly supply flexible (the coefficient being - 1.836), but this was not the case with veal. The flexibility coefficient for live steer (finished) prices with respect to wholesale prices was 0.925. Similarly, the flexibility coefficients for heifer and cow prices with respect to finished steer prices were 0.923 and 0.846. respectively. This suggests that the opportunity cost of females in the breeding herd helps determine the spread between their prices and those of finished steers. Despite the inclusion of economic variables, the study concluded that cyclical fluctuations remained. L'auteur examine dans cette etude les fluctuations des prix bovins et des veaux en utilisant des donnks mensuelles pour la ptriode 1958–1976. Les prix des animaux vivants ainsi que les prix de gros et de detail ont tte analyses dans cette h d e. En outre, l'auteur a entrepris une analyse des prix pour chaque categorie d'animaw – bouvillons A I'engrais. vaches, gtnisses, bouvillons A engraisser et veaux. Le modble explicatif sous-jacent a ttk construit selon I'hypothhe que les prix de gros des veaux et des boeufs s'ktablissaient d'abord sur le march6 de gros. puis les prix des autres animaux vivants et de detail Ctaient ensuite dtduits de ce dernier prix. On a constatt que le prix de gros du boeuf Ctait sensible A toute variation de I'offre (le coefficient ttant & gal A 1,836). Le cas du veau est tout A fait different. Le coefficient de flexibititk pour les prix des bouvillons vivants (A engraisser) par rapport au prix de gros etait tgal A0.925. De la msme facon, les coefficients de flexibilitk du prix des vaches et du prix des gknisses par rapport au prix des bouvillons A l'engrah ttaient respectivement tgaux A 0,923 et 0.846. Ce fait suggbre que le c6ut d'opportunitk des vaches dans le troupeau reproducteur aide A determiner la difference de prix entre les prix des vaches et genisses d'une'part et celui des bouvitlons B l'engrais d'autre part. MalgrC l'inclusion de variables konomiques pertinentes, I'ttude a rtvkle une persistance des fluctuations cycliques.     

The farmer decision process In Purchasing herbicides

Fluctuations in cattle and calf prices are examined in this study, using monthly data for Canada, for thaperiod 1958 to 1976. Prices for live animals along with wholesale and retail level prices were analyzed. Live cattle prices were. furthermore, studied by type of animals – finished steers, COWS, heifers, feeder steers and calves. The model is formulated on the hypothesis that wholesale prices of beef and veal are first discovered at the wholesale level and live animal and retail prices are then derived from the wholesale prices. Among the live animal prices, price of finished steers was hypothesized to be the price leader, whereas the other live animal prices were determined by it. The wholesale beef price was found to be highly supply flexible (the coefficient being - 1.836), but this was not the case with veal. The flexibility coefficient for live steer (finished) prices with respect to wholesale prices was 0.925. Similarly, the flexibility coefficients for heifer and cow prices with respect to finished steer prices were 0.923 and 0.846. respectively. This suggests that the opportunity cost of females in the breeding herd helps determine the spread between their prices and those of finished steers. Despite the inclusion of economic variables, the study concluded that cyclical fluctuations remained. L'auteur examine dans cette etude les fluctuations des prix bovins et des veaux en utilisant des donnks mensuelles pour la ptriode 1958–1976. Les prix des animaux vivants ainsi que les prix de gros et de detail ont tte analyses dans cette h d e. En outre, l'auteur a entrepris une analyse des prix pour chaque categorie d'animaw – bouvillons A I'engrais. vaches, gtnisses, bouvillons A engraisser et veaux. Le modble explicatif sous-jacent a ttk construit selon I'hypothhe que les prix de gros des veaux et des boeufs s'ktablissaient d'abord sur le march6 de gros. puis les prix des autres animaux vivants et de detail Ctaient ensuite dtduits de ce dernier prix. On a constatt que le prix de gros du boeuf Ctait sensible A toute variation de I'offre (le coefficient ttant & gal A 1,836). Le cas du veau est tout A fait different. Le coefficient de flexibititk pour les prix des bouvillons vivants (A engraisser) par rapport au prix de gros etait tgal A0.925. De la msme facon, les coefficients de flexibilitk du prix des vaches et du prix des gknisses par rapport au prix des bouvillons A l'engrah ttaient respectivement tgaux A 0,923 et 0.846. Ce fait suggbre que le c6ut d'opportunitk des vaches dans le troupeau reproducteur aide A determiner la difference de prix entre les prix des vaches et genisses d'une'part et celui des bouvitlons B l'engrais d'autre part. MalgrC l'inclusion de variables konomiques pertinentes, I'ttude a rtvkle une persistance des fluctuations cycliques.     

Deregulation of wholesale petrol prices: what happened to capital city petrol prices?

Wholesale petrol prices were deregulated in August 1998. This paper will quantify the effect associated with the deregulation of wholesale petrol prices on relative retail prices for unleaded petrol in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. This is done through Box–Jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average methodology coupled with Box and Tiao intervention analysis. Weekly price data will be used for Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney. It finds that from the beginning of 1999, deregulation coincided with relatively lower retail petrol prices for all three cities. In the absence of any other possible alternative explanation for the simultaneous fall in relative retail petrol prices across all three cities, it is concluded that this change was most likely associated with deregulation. These results suggest that regulation of wholesale petrol prices were ineffectual in terms of constraining capital city retail petrol prices at the very least and may have actually contributed towards relatively higher retail petrol prices. This also suggests that future policy interventions designed to constrain prices in the downstream petroleum industry should be very carefully considered.     

An Analysis of Removal of Agricultural Trade Barriers between the United States and Canada with Emphasis on the Southeast

A four-region, 23-commodity small world agricultural trade liberalization model within the SWOPSIM framework is used to measure the impact of tariff removal between the United States and Canada. The tariffs are simply defined as negative import subsidy equivalents in the model and are then removed from the trade prices. The model recalculates domestic supply and demand levels in all regions, rebalancing world trade, production, consumption and prices. In summary, the impacts of the Canada-U.S. Trade Agreement on selected commodity groups are significant. Canadian imports of beef and veal, poultry meat, soybean oil and fresh strawberries increase. Furthermore, the results indicate larger trade flows for selected products and declines in producer and consumer prices in Canada, U.S. and Southeast regions. Since the U.S. share of Canadian agricultural imports averaged 60% in the 1980s, the impact of trade liberalization will be greater in Canada in selected commodities than in the U. S. or the southeastern region, and Canadian dependence on the U.S. market will be increasing in the future. The tariff phaseout, together with a reduction in nontariff barriers and harmonizing of domestic agricultural policies, will create more export opportunities in selected commodities for both the United States and Canada, and will create the world's largest free trade market.     

Buyer Collusion and Efficiency of Government Intervention in Wheat Markets in Northern India: An Asymmetric Structural Auctions Analysis

This article uses auction theory to analyze wholesale markets for wheat in Northern India. This approach enables us to characterize the market in terms of buyer asymmetries, to detect the existence of collusion, and to quantify its impact on market prices. We show that buyer asymmetries exacerbate the downward impact of collusion on prices. The article also considers whether the government paid too much for the wheat it procured at the minimum support price, and shows that for our sample it did not. The article is based on a primary survey of two wholesale markets in North India.     

冻藏对草莓与皇冠梨食用品质的影响

本试验以草莓和皇冠梨为研究对象,对其进行-25℃冻藏处理,以明确冻藏对两种水果失重、维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量和可滴定酸度的影响.结果表明,冻藏后两种水果的重量有微小变化;冻藏24 h后,与鲜样相比,草莓维生素C含量和可滴定酸度均显著增加,冻藏草莓的维生素C含量是鲜样的1.17倍,可溶性糖含量增加16.00％,糖酸比无...     

Asymmetric transmission between factory and wholesale prices in fiberboard market in Korea

This paper extends the estimation of price relationships in wood processing and empirical assessment of asymmetric price transmission by incorporating time lags in both explanatory and dependent variables. Each of the models developed and estimated in this article reveals the existence of asymmetric price transmission between factory and wholesale prices of fiberboard in Korea. Estimation results indicate that wholesalers earn additional profits by exploiting price fluctuations in the markets. The empirical findings in this study suggest the potential for lower wholesale prices of fiberboard with more competition in wholesale marketing.     

Transaction Cost Thresholds in International Rice Markets

Recent episodes of high and volatile prices for grains such as rice have raised concerns about their implications for hunger and poverty. We model price relationships between international rice prices and 221 domestic prices in 47 developing countries that import rice. We use a threshold vector error correction model that accounts for transaction costs of trade in spatial price transmission, and an improved regularised Bayesian threshold estimator for threshold models. Our results show that threshold values are higher after 2008 than before, which suggests that transaction costs in international rice trade have increased in recent years. Threshold values are highest for Latin American countries followed by African and Asian countries, and higher for retail than for wholesale prices. Since 2008, price transmission is slower in countries that responded to high and volatile prices with domestic market‐based interventions such as price controls and faster in countries that responded by lowering tariffs and by implementing production support measures.     

Nonlinear adjustments in deviations from the law of one price for wholesale hog prices

This article applies the Band‐Threshold Autoregression (Band‐TAR) model to investigate whether the law of one price (LOOP) holds in Taiwanese wholesale hog markets during the period from May 1987 through December 2003. We find evidence of a nonlinear mean reversion in deviations from the LOOP for relative hog prices. Our empirical study confirms the presence of thresholds and provides strong evidence in support of the view that the regional hog markets have been tightly integrated in Taiwan and that the wholesale hog market in Taiwan is an efficient market economy. Furthermore, the estimated half‐lives from the nonlinear generalized impulse response analysis are as short as four months.