The role of contracts and intellectual property rights in open innovation

Our exploratory empirical study, based on interviews and a survey of firms, addresses a number of questions on the role of formal contracts and intellectual property rights (IPR) in the context of firm-to-firm open innovation (OI). We find that firms active in OI have a very strong preference for the governance of their OI relationships with other firms through formal contracts. Also, despite the open nature of OI, firms still see IPR as highly relevant to the protection of their innovative capabilities. We find the degree of openness of firms, their formal legal attitude, and the competitive dynamics of their product market environment to be related to the preference of OI firms for IPR. Furthermore, the strength of firms’ internal R&D capabilities increases the positive relationship between openness and the preference for IPR.     

全球价值链驱动下的本土产业升级

全球价值链内产业升级的传递机制是企业的内生技术能力,但技术能力的演化具有明显的路径依赖.尽管全球价值链的国际链接与异质参与者的多样性能够为本土企业提供局部的外部知识,但链条内部的知识溢出并不足以实现本土企业技术能力的线性发展,也无法实现链条内部自动传递的产业升级,这就需要企业进行持续的技术学习,在充分利用全球价值链内局部知识外部性的基础上,整合企业内部与外部知识,实现技术能力的线性发展,从而推动本土产业的持续升级.     

Intellectual property rights in a quality-ladder model with persistent leadership

This paper analyzes the effects of intellectual property rights in a quality-ladder model of endogenous growth in which incumbent firms preemptively innovate in order to keep their position of leadership. Unlike in models with leapfrogging, granting forward protection, and imposing a non-obviousness requirement reduces growth. In the main case where entrants and incumbents have free access to the same R&D technology, infinite protection against imitation, granted independently of the size of the lead, maximizes growth. If entrants have to engage in costly catch up before they can undertake frontier R&D, growth is maximal for a finite (expected) length of protection against imitation.     

试论知识产权海关边境保护中刑事协作机制的障碍和解决对策

本文以当前海关与公安机关共同打击侵犯知识产权犯罪的刑事协作机制为视角，通过从立法与执法层面对知识产权边境保护刑事协作机制中存在有关障碍的揭示和分析，提出了完善立法、协调冲突、加强交流等多项障碍解决对策。     

培育创新文化重在保护知识产权

党中央、国务院提出我国要在2020年进入创新型国家行列。要实现这一伟大的战略目标,必须提高我国的自主创新能力。政府机关、企事业单位和个人要积极营造保护知识产权的文化环境、法律环境、政策环境和制度环境,加大对自主知识产权的保护力度,形成一种创新文化。     

Moral property rights and harmonious society

To build the harmonious society needs the effect of morality.There are various kinds of moral values.Moral values can be divided into proper ones and improper ones according to whether the social benefit is bigger than the social cost of the moral behavior.The former is helpful to the optimal allocation of resources and improve the formation of the harmonious society; while the latter is harmful to the optimal allocation of resource and bad to the formation of the harmonious society.The proper and scientist moral values include： sustainable development view on ecology,fair,just and win win view on morality,credibility,right view on rich and poor,right view on consumption and so on.To build the proper and scientific moral value,the more important way is building proper moral property rights institution by recognizing properly and constructing moral property rights besides legislation,setting up moral surroundings,valuing moral penetration,strengthening moral education etc. Harmonious society;Moral property rights;Moral value     

Intellectual property rights, technology transfer and exports in developing countries

We develop a model to analyze one mechanism under which stronger intellectual property rights (IPR) protection may improve the ability of firms in developing countries to break into export markets. A Northern firm with a superior process technology chooses either exports or technology transfer through licensing as its mode of supplying the Southern market, based on local IPR policy. Given this decision, the North and South firms engage in Cournot competition in both markets. We find that stronger IPR would enhance technology transfer through licensing and reduce the South firm's marginal production cost, thereby increasing its exports. Welfare in the South would rise (fall) if that country has high (low) absorptive capacity. Excessively strong IPR diminish competition and welfare, however. Adding foreign direct investment as an additional channel of technology transfer sustains these basic messages.     

TRIPS协议弹性条款与中国知识产权立法的完善

知识经济时代,知识产权保护与国际贸易密切相关,催生了《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》(简称TRIPS协议)。TRIPS规则直接影响到各成员方的贸易利益,也极大地影响着社会公共利益。所以,TRIPS协议的产生和实施都围绕着成员间利益冲突的协调和平衡。发展中国家要充分利用TRIPS协议的弹性条款,在其设置的弹性空间中保护自身利益,寻求权利和义务的平衡。我国也要对TRIPS规则的转化和适用进行认真研究,使我国的知识产权立法更加完善。     

产权界定、产权流动与产权维护

诺斯认为,有效率的产权具有三大激励功能:即降低费用、保证人们的预期收益和使个人的投资收益充分接近于社会收益,这对经济增长起着十分重要的作用。本文认为,要使产权功能真正发挥作用,需要有合理的产权界定、规范的产权流动和公平的产权维护,三者缺一不可。文章从整体观的角度讨论了落实这三者的重要意义和各自存在的问题,并提出了党政分开和政企分开是解决问题的关键。     

International intellectual property rights: Effects on growth, welfare and income inequality

What are the effects of strengthening developing countries’ protection for intellectual property rights on economic growth and income inequality in the global economy? To analyze this question, we develop a two-country R&;D-based growth model with wealth heterogeneity. In this growth-theoretic framework, we show that strengthening patent protection in either country increases economic growth and income inequality in both countries. Furthermore, we derive the Nash equilibrium level of patent breadth and find that it is sub-optimally low relative to globally optimal patent breadth due to the positive externality effects that are captured by a spillover parameter.     

新疆清真食品产业知识产权保护分析

清真食品在新疆各族人民的饮食构成中占据极为重要的地位。新疆具有发展清真食品产业的地缘优势和资源优势。然而现阶段,新疆清真食品产业发展面临产业规模小、产业层次低、研发能力较弱以及行业标准国际化发展难度较大等问题。有效的知识产权推动机制可提升企业创新能力,提升产业层次,并有助于形成有影响力的品牌和促进行业标准的国际化发展。今后可从提升创新能力、实施品牌战略、完善法律制度和激励机制等方面,加强对新疆清真食品产业知识产权的保护,进而促进清真食品产业的发展。     

论创新和技术传播冲突中的知识产权保护制度

知识产权是产权的重要组成部分,对于知识的生产、传播和消费,进而对经济的发展具有决定性的作用。创新和技术传播之间存在的知识产权均衡已经得到理论界的广泛认同,但是实际情况比理论研究更加复杂,对于发展中国家尤其如此。     

技术溢出——知识产权保护与社会福利研究——基于累积创新框架分析

知识产权制度是一个开放的体系,它对社会福利的作用受到诸多因素影响,因此,要达到不同行业或不同地域的社会福利最大化,就需通过知识产权制度的创新与发展来实现,当然,制度创新必须适应客体的实际情况,从多维和动态的角度来科学选择。     

地区知识产权形象评价研究

在国家知识产权战略纲要统领下,各地纷纷出台新政,力推自主知识产权战略,并取得一定成效。在各地知识产权战略实施过程中,一个重要问题被忽略了,即对地区知识产权形象进行研究与建设,从而导致某些地区知识产权实力富裕与知识产权形象贫困同时并存的现象。地区知识产权形象与地区知识产权战略之间既相互依存、相互独立,又相互依赖、相互促进。而科学地评价地区知识产权形象是设计和塑造地区知识产权形象的前提与基础。它涉及到评价主体、评价客体、评价指标和评价方法界定等问题。     

对企业国有产权交易投招标模式的分析

企业国有产权是我国国有资产的重要组成部分,规范企业国有产权转让行为,有利于加强企业国有产权交易的监督管理。现有监管体制下,可以拍卖、招投标、协议转让以及国家法律、行政法规规定的其他方式进行交易。针对实践中国有产权交易模式存在的问题,对投招标模式进行了分析,提出了交易程序中应注意的问题。     

Inequality and Income Distribution in Global Value Chains

Global value chains (GVCs), led by transnational corporations (TNCs), have reshaped the world division of labor over the past two decades. GVCs are pervasive in low technology manufacturing, such as textile and apparel, as well as in more advanced industries like automobiles, electronics, and machines. This hierarchical division of labor generates wild competition at the lower value-added stages of production, where low wages and low profit margins prevail for workers and contract manufacturers in developing countries. At the top of the hierarchy another kind of competition prevails, centered on the ability to monitor and control intellectual property rights related to innovation, finance, and marketing. We argue that GVCs have had crucial effects on income inequality and the appropriation of rents in modern capitalism.     

对国防知识产权归属制度的思考

在我国国防知识产权领域长期存在着权益和责任不清的问题。这不利于调动承担国防科研项目单位或个人进行技术创新和成果转化的积极性,也不利于国防自主知识产权的形成。分析了我国国防知识产权归属制度的现状和国外的实践,对国防知识产权相关各方的利益进行了权衡,提出在国防科技领域必须在国家、单位、个人之间建立一种有效的利益均衡机制。     

知识产权保护力度与经济发展关系研究

就中国实际的知识产权保护强度与中国经济发展水平适宜度来说。中国目前的知识产权保护水平相对于中国目前的经济发展水平而言已经足够高了。结合中国目前所处的技术等级水平，中国现阶段不宜过分提高知识产权保护强度。同时要将知识产权的保护重点放在“外观和实用新型”专利的保护上。     

Intellectual property right protection in the software market

We discuss the software patent should be granted or not. There exist two types of coping in the software market; reverse engineering and software duplication. Software patent can prevent both types of copies since a patent protects an invention. If the software is not protected by a patent, software producer cannot prevent reverse engineering. However, the producer can prevent the software duplication by a copyright. It is not clear the software patent is socially desirable when we consider these two types of coping. We obtain the following results. First, the number of copy users under the patent protection is greater than that under the copyright protection. Second, the government can increase social welfare by applying copyright protection when the new technology is sufficiently innovative.     

Global value chain and growth convergence: Applied especially to China

We propose a new convergence potential indicator for standard growth convergence regressions: the global value chain (GVC) position index, measured by the contribution of high-skilled labour in total domestic value added. Our convergence indicator can avoid the lagged dependent variable problem discussed in Barro (2015 and 2016) and deliver more accurate forecasts for China’s GDP growth than GDP per capita does. Using the GVC position index, we predict that China’s growth potential remains at 7–8% between 2010 and 2015, while the predictions using GDP per capita as the convergence potential indicator are much lower.