中国城市老年人日常生活自理能力社会经济差异的年龄模式研究

社会经济地位是影响健康和健康不平等最重要的决定因素.大量研究表明,社会经济地位与健康间存在稳定的正向梯度关系,但对这一关系如何随年龄增长的变化趋势却了解得不多.使用2006年中国城乡老年人口状况抽样调查数据,采用双变量分析、Logistic回归模型和集中指数分析了城市老年人日常生活自理能力(ADL)社会经济差异的年龄模式.结果表明,我国城市老年人ADL丧失水平随年龄增长而上升,但ADL丧失的社会经济差异却随着年龄增长而缩小,呈现明显的收敛趋势.研究结果提示,在进入老年阶段之前和老年早期,缩小健康社会经济差异对于推迟日常生活自理能力的丧失非常重要.     

社会经济地位对我国老年人健康状况的影响——基于中国老年健康影响因素调查的实证分析

基于2011年“中国老年健康影响因素调查”(CLHLS)数据,采用Logistic回归模型和路径分析法,以饮食方式、体育锻炼、社会参与和睡眠质量等为中介变量,实证分析社会经济地位对我国老年人健康状况的影响效应及其路径.经济状况和教育程度对我国老年人的自评健康和心理健康均有显著的正向影响,但职业特征的影响不显著.路径分析表明,社会经济地位对自评健康的总效应为0.094,其中直接效应为0.019,中介变量产生的间接效应为0.075.社会经济地位对心理健康的总效应为0.144,其中直接效应为0.083,中介变量产生的间接效应为0.061.因此,社会经济地位不仅对我国老年人自评健康和心理健康产生直接影响,并且通过中介变量对老年人自评健康和心理健康产生间接影响.社会经济地位对心理健康的间接效应弱于直接效应.政府在制定健康老龄政策的过程中,除应重视经济支持、社会保障等因素外,还应重视睡眠质量、饮食方式、体育锻炼和社会参与等中介变量在老年人健康促进中的作用.     

社会经济地位对城镇劳动力健康状况的影响分析

本文以城镇劳动力为研究对象,检验社会经济地位对自评健康状况的影响.结果显示城镇劳动力的自评健康与社会经济地位存在正向相关,表现为社会经济地位较低群体自评健康状况显著差于其余层级.但是社会经济地位最低群体以外的群体之间,自评健康没有显示统计上的差异.检验不同性别的社会经济地位与自评健康关系,男性与女性规律较一致,社会经济地位越高,自评健康状况越好;检验不同年龄组社会经济地位与自评健康的关系,仅表现为41-50岁年龄组随着地位的上升,自评健康状况变好;检验不同区域社会经济地位与自评健康的关系,东北地区随着社会经济地位上升,自评健康状况上升;东部地区与总体规律一致,表现为最下层级弱于其余层级;中部与西部地区呈现两头分化现象,社会经济地位最上与最下层级,自评健康状况较差,中间层级较好;检验不同婚姻状况的社会经济地位与自评健康关系,表现为已婚群体中社会经济地位较低群体的自评健康状况较差.研究为不同社会经济地位群体的相应健康促进政策制定提供了支持.     

我国农村老年人体力活动状况及其环境影响因素研究

了解我国农村老年人体力活动状况及其影响因素,对于提高农村老年人自理能力和减轻养老负担具有重要意义.依据对现有文献资料的分析,基于2011年中国健康与养老追踪调查基线数据,通过广义分层线性模型等数理统计分析方法,讨论了我国农村老年人体力活动状况与其个人特征关系,并重点探讨村庄环境因素对农村老年人体力活动水平的影响.我国农村老年人在自身层次上,年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、自评健康状况、年轻时期自评健康状况、自身活动能力、自评生活水平等与其体力活动水平显著相关;在村庄环境层次上,老年人的居住地类型、村庄道路整洁程度,以及农贸市场是否在本村等与农村老年人体力活动水平显著相关,此外,室外健身场所对农村老年人体力活动水平也有较大统计关联关系.在我国农村地区要推广积极的生活方式,特别应注重加强农村环境对老年人的友好和宜居性建设,从而有效促进老年人积极进行体力活动,提高自身健康水平和生活自理能力.     

代际支持对老年人健康的影响——基于社会交换理论的视角

基于社会交换理论,利用2010年中国妇女社会地位调查老年人专项数据,通过Logistic回归模型,分析代际支持对老年人自评健康的影响.结果显示,62.98％的老年人与成年子女之间的代际支持不均衡.模型一显示,与完全没有给予代际支持的老年人相比,给予1项、2项、3项代际支持的老年人的自评健康不好的发生比较低;与完全没有接受支持的老年人相比,接受2项代际支持的老年人的自评健康不好的发生比更高;与代际支持均衡的老年人相比,代际支持不均衡的老年人的自评健康不好的发生比较高;代际支持的均衡性与代际交换强度每增加一个单位,老年人自评健康不好的发生比就分别下降8％和9％.给予代际支持、代际支持均衡性与代际交换强度对健康均有显著的影响,未来的老龄政策应大力鼓励向下的代际支持、提升代际支持的均衡性、增加代际支持的交换强度.     

受教育水平对健康的影响——以中国老人为例

本文使用中国老年人口健康长寿影响因素跟踪调查中2008年的数据,将被访老人父亲的受教育年限与其配偶的受教育年限作为其自身受教育年限的工具变量,分别在线性模型和二元选择模型下,估计了老年人受教育水平对其健康状况的影响。健康状况使用了自评健康和MMSE二种不同的衡量指标。研究发现仅控制人口因素时,受教育水平对男性老年人自评健康有5%水平显著的正向影响,受教育水平每增加一年,老年男性自评健康差的概率降低0.006,而且这种影响主要是通过社会经济因素进行的,在控制社会经济因素后,这种效应消失;在控制了社会经济因素后,受教育水平对女性老年人自评健康有负向影响。受教育水平对老年人的认知能力有1%显著性水平下的正向影响,而且对女性的影响大于男性。仅控制人口因素时,受教育年限每增加一年,男性老人认知能力受损的概率降低0.014,而女性老人认知能力受损的概率则降低0.030。是否控制生活习惯对这种影响的规模几乎没有作用,但是控制社会经济因素会增大这种影响,其中女性群体的增幅大于男性。     

老年人音乐偏好的实证研究——对河南省市区老年人的调查与分析

本研究运用问卷调查法对河南省市区老年人的音乐生活、音乐活动和音乐偏好进行调查研究,结果表明:河南省市区老年人最偏好的音乐类型为河南地方音乐,且喜好程度一致偏高,最不喜好的音乐类型为世界音乐。音乐偏好与背景变项之间的关系为:音乐偏好依性别不同而有差异,男性比女性偏好河南地方音乐,女性比男性较偏好古典音乐;因社会经济地位不同有差异,高社会经济地位的老年人对于古典音乐有较高偏好,低社会经济地位的老年人对于流行音乐和河南地方音乐有较高偏好;因音乐经验不同存在差异,有音乐经验者偏好古典音乐,平时主动接触音乐性活动者较喜欢流行音乐。     

痛苦抑或安详:中国老年人临终状态及其影响因素的实证探究

死亡是生命自然的归宿.随着中国老龄化程度的不断加深,提高老年人的死亡质量将成为今后社会中一大现实议题.基于“中国老年人健康长寿影响因素调查(CLHLS)”数据的分析的结果表明,城乡、不同社会经济地位老年人的临终痛苦程度有显著差异.病理症状不是影响老年人临终感受的唯一因素,临终照料、社会支持以及社会环境等因素都会显著影响老年人的临终感受与痛苦程度.临终照料的可及性、可负担性与专业性越高,老年人临终的痛苦程度越低.当前中国临终医护资源的稀缺与分布的不均是导致老年人死亡质量低下的主要原因.     

老年人口的职业背景与健康状况——以广州市为例

以广州市老年人口为例,从职业背景、收入状况与健康状况的矛盾出发,利用加权回归分析方法,论证老年人口健康状况与社会经济地位之间的真实关系.社会经济地位决定着老年人的健康状况.验证了社会老年学中连续理论在中国的适用性.     

城乡老年人健康差异研究——基于CHARLS数据

基于2013年"中国健康与养老追踪调查"全国基线调查数据,运用描述统计方法分析和比较城乡老年人健康差异。选取老年人健康指标:自评健康(SRH)、基本生活活动能力(ADL)、操作性日常生活活动能力(IADL)以及抑郁情绪(D)。研究结果显示:城乡老年人健康状况差异明显,农村老年人健康的各个指标都明显差于城镇老年人。因此,应采取各种措施重点关注和改善农村老年人的健康状况。     

Restrained by resources: The effect of scarcity cues and childhood socioeconomic status (SES) on consumer preference for feasibility

Scarcity cues are ubiquitous in our everyday lives and thus attract great attention in consumer research. However, little attention has been devoted to examining whether exposure to scarcity cues influences consumers' trade-off between feasibility and desirability in product choices. The present research argues that the impact of scarcity cues on consumers' preference for products that offer more feasible or more desirable features depends on consumers' childhood socioeconomic status (childhood SES). The findings consistently show that consumers with low childhood SES who were reminded of resource scarcity seek more feasibility in product choices than consumers in other conditions. We trace this effect to the fact that scarcity cues cause consumers with low childhood SES to process information at a low construal level. By presenting this conceptualization and evidence, the present study contributes to research on childhood SES, resource scarcity, and construal level theory (CLT).     

How socioeconomic status influences road traffic injuries and home injuries in Rome

Road traffic injuries (RTI) and home injuries (HI) are a relevant public health problem, especially among people living in deprived areas. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between morbidity, hospitalisation, mortality from RTI and HI, and socioeconomic status (SES) of the area of residence. RTI and HI surveillance based on the Emergency Information System, the Hospital Information System and the Mortality Registry of Lazio region are the three sources of this study to create a unique surveillance system. For each subject, the SES index (5 levels) of its census tract of residence was obtained. The study population included emergency department admissions (year 2005) of residents in Rome, Italy. Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs) have been estimated using Poisson Regression. The rates of RTI and HI emergency department visits were higher among the most deprived level of SES (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.24–1.30; IRR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.29–1.37, respectively) compared to the most privileged ones; a similar result was found for hospitalisation (IRR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.08–1.32; IRR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01–1.22). A strong relation was found between RTI mortality rates and poor level of SES. The study concluded that RTI and HI incidence were associated to sociodemographic factors.     

我国区域残疾现患率与人类发展指数相关性研究

根据第二次全国残疾人抽样调查(2006)以及2006年全国统计年鉴等相关数据资源,分别计算反映我国不同区域残疾水平的残疾现患率指标,以及反映我国不同区域社会经济发展水平的人类发展指数指标。探求残疾的罹患与社会经济发展之间的相关关系,证明不同社会经济水平条件下,残疾罹患水平具有区域差异性。在理论和实际两个方面为不同社会经济水平地区的残疾人保障和康复扶助工作提供了指导和政策支持。     

Providing assets in the sharing economy: Low childhood socioeconomic status as a barrier

In the past few decades, the modern marketplace has offered consumers a proliferation of models for consumption based on sharing and access. Extant literature provides systematic examinations of motives for consuming products through the sharing economy on the demand side, but factors that affect consumers' asset-providing decisions on the supply side remain understudied. The current paper explores whether the socioeconomic environment one grew up in might produce a long-lasting impact on willingness to sharing one’s unused assets. Results from the analysis of a national-level field dataset and six preregistered studies (combined N = 45,289) reveal that lower childhood socioeconomic status can hinder consumers’ asset-providing behavior, an effect that holds beyond the influence of other factors such as current SES and asset availability. We identify greater territorial feelings towards one’s assets as a central mechanism driving the decreased asset-providing behavior of consumers with a lower childhood socioeconomic background, and we show that asset providers’ closeness to potential borrowers attenuates the negative impact of lower childhood SES.     

我国老年人日常生活自理健康预期寿命的差异性分析

健康是人们关心的热点问题,对老年人来说,不仅要长寿,而且要健康,要尽可能长久地保持生活自理能力,提高自身的生命质量。回答我国老年人的日常生活不能自理期是压缩还是扩展了,分析影响老年人日常生活自理能力的因素。采用1992年和2002年两次全国老年调查数据,做分城乡、分性别、分年龄的不同老年人生活自理健康预期寿命的差异性分析。在1992年和2002年期间,城镇老年人和农村老年人日常生活不能自理期均在“扩展”;2002年卧床不起的疾病对老年人日常活动影响更大,老年人2002年比1992年在生活自理方面需要更多的照料资源。     

Propensity to plan,financial capability,and financial satisfaction

Propensity to plan is an indicator of financial capability that contributes to consumer financial well‐being. Previous research has shown that propensity to plan is positively related to objective financial well‐being but little research was found to examine its association with subjective financial well‐being. Using financial satisfaction to measure subjective financial well‐being, this study addressed this research gap and had three objectives: (1) to explore factors associated with propensity to plan, (2) to examine the association between propensity to plan and financial capability factors, and (3) to examine the association between propensity to plan and financial satisfaction. Using data from the 2015 US National Financial Capability Study, the results showed socioeconomic differences in propensity to plan. The results suggest consumers with more economic resources had higher scores in propensity to plan. In addition, propensity to plan was positively associated with financial capability factors, suggesting financial planning is a desirable financial behavior. Finally, propensity to plan made unique contributions to financial satisfaction after controlling for socioeconomic and other financial capability factors.     

Erratum to: Corporate Socially Responsible Initiatives and Their Effects on Consumption of Green Products

This study extends previous literature on the association between Confucianism and corporate decisions by examining Confucianism’s influence on board gender diversity. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms during the period of 2001–2011 and geographic-proximity-based Confucianism variables, I provide strong and consistent evidence to show that Confucianism is significantly negatively associated with board gender diversity, suggesting that the proportion of women directors in the boardroom is significantly lower for firms surrounded by strong Confucianism atmosphere than for firms located in regions with weak Confucianism atmosphere. This finding also implies that Confucian philosophical system has important impacts on business ethics and women’s status in corporate governance. Moreover, GDP per capita, the proxy for economic development level in a province in which a firm is located, attenuates the negative association between Confucianism and board gender diversity. Above results are robust to different measures of Confucianism and board gender diversity and are still valid after controlling for the potential endogeneity between Confucianism and board gender diversity.     

中国老年人男性单系继承偏好的影响因素研究

利用2010年中国妇女社会地位调查老年人专项数据,分析在儿女都尽了赡养义务时,老年人的男性单系继承偏好及其影响因素。当代老年人的财产分配意愿正在从传统的男性单系继承转向男女平等继承,但农村、汉族、低教育水平、仍从事有收入性的工作、与子女在经济和照料上交互较多、家庭孩子在4个及以上、愿意和儿子同住,并且认同"养儿防老"观念的老人,仍然在财产分配中存在男性单系继承偏好。本研究建议进一步提升和改善养老文化中的性别平等意识、规范女性的财产获得权益,并拓展"养儿防老"等养老文化观念的内涵,以便进一步扩大养老主体,以实现健康老龄化。     

Income Per Capita Inequality in China: The Role of Economic Geography and Spatial Interactions

(1241) Laura Hering and Sandra Poncet This paper contributes to the analysis of growing income inequality in China. We apply a structural model of economic geography to data on per capita income over 190 Chinese cities between 1995 and 2002, and evaluate the extent to which market proximity and spatial dependence can explain the growing income inequality between Chinese cities. The econometric specification explicitly incorporates spatial dependence in the form of spatially‐lagged per capita income. We show that the geography of market access and spatial dependence are significantly correlated with per capita income in China. Market access is particularly important in cities with smaller migration inflows, which is consistent with NEG theory, whereas spatially‐lagged per capita income matters more in cities with greater immigration. We conclude that the positive impact of spatially‐lagged income partly results from labour mobility between neighbours, so that spatial dependence reflects the influence of migration, knowledge transfers and increasing competition between cities.     

Antecedents and Performance Outcomes of Strategic Environmental Sourcing: An Investigation of Resource‐Based Process and Contingency Effects

This study develops an understanding of the antecedents and performance‐related consequences of strategic environmental sourcing (SES). Institutional pressure and the firm's environmental engagement serve as antecedents to SES, with performance dimensions including environmental, product development, and product quality performance. While direct relationships between these dimensions and SES have been studied in prior work, the present research adds greater specificity and depth by investigating process and contingency effects on product‐level outcomes. The resource‐based theory provides the theoretical motivation for these relationships, which are tested via survey data collected from sourcing professionals in the U.S. manufacturing industry. The results emphasize environmental engagement as an important process element between institutional pressure and SES, and highlight the ability of institutional pressure to strengthen the relationship between environmental engagement and SES. Environmental performance was found as an influential conduit in the relationship between SES and both product quality and product development performance, with SES also serving as a contingency.