国家现代农业示范区“十二五”力争实现现代化

近日,农业部在成都举办国家现代农业示范区建设专题培训班,农业部党组成员杨绍品强调,国家现代农业示范区建设要把加快实现农业现代化作为建设目标,把发展粮食等主要农产品生产和促进农民持续增收作为中心任务,把科技和体制机制创新作为发展动力,把提高现代农业设施装备水平作为重要标志,把示范带动区域现代农业发展作为应尽责仟,力争大部分示范区在“十二五”期间基本实现农业现代化。     

采取有力措施加快建设现代农业

发展现代农业,推进新农村建设,要靠政策、靠投入、靠科技、靠改革。当前和今后一个时期,在推进现代农业建设方面,要切实抓好以下措施:一、切实加大对现代农业建设的投资力度增加农业收入,是促进农业持续发展和推进现代农业建设的重要保证。要加大对农业农村投资力度,切实把基础设施建设和社会事业发展的     

建设高标准农田发展现代农业

开展农村土地整治,大规模建设高标准农田,对保障粮食安全、促进农民增收、加快推进农业现代化等具有重要意义.江苏省南京市作为城乡统筹配套试验区和南方稻作示范区,不仅要满足发展用地需求,还要保证粮食生产. 推进高标准农田建设的重要性和紧迫性分析 建设高标准农田是现代农业的重要内容.稳定发展粮食生产是现代农业发展的重要任务,高标准农田建设、粮食单产等是农业现代化指标体系的重要内容.近年来,南京市围绕都市型现代农业发展定位,着力打造现代农业园区、发展设施农业等等六大农业,取得了明显成效.由于历史欠账较多,南京市急需建设一批全省一流、全国领先的高标准农田,推动率先实现农业基本现代化进程.     

坚定不移推进江苏现代农业建设

当前我省正处在加快改造传统农业、走率先基本实现农业现代化道路的关键时刻,农业发展面临资源环境约束趋紧、青壮年劳动力紧缺、生产经营成本攀升、自然和市场风险加大困扰,确保质量安全的压力也越来越大。现代农业建设仍然面临严峻的挑战。推进农业现代化建设,要按照中央关于“三化同步”推进的要求,切实把现代农业建设摆在更加突出的位置,认真实施农业现代化工程。着力改善农业基础设施和装备条件,大力加强农业科技进步和人才队伍建设,健全现代农业经营制度,完善现代农业支持保护体系,办好现代农业示范区,为促进经济社会可持续发展提供有力支撑。     

关于分类开展农民培训工作的思考

随着农业技术的创新、应用推广和科技成果的快速转化,需要一大批具有较高科学文化素质、具备一定学习能力、能够适应现代农业发展的农业劳动者,而农民从父辈手中学来的传统生产技能已远远不能满足现代农业生产的需要,这就需要进一步加大农民培训工作力度．加快农村实用人才队伍建设．     

北京都市农业新趋向

作为统筹城乡发展、建设社会主义新农村的重要途径,北京市都市型现代农业近年来发展迅速,农业生产方式发生了深刻转变,农业产业化、组织化、集约化程度大幅提升,农业生态建设取得显著成效.根据北京市的功能特点和资源情况,都市型农业将深入发展,逐步呈现以下趋势: 农业的生态功能日益凸显.都市型现代农业既有生产功能,也有生态功能.随着北京市经济社会的发展,城市生态系统面临很大的压力.因此,要充分发挥都市型现代农业的生态功能,将都市型现代农业建设成为北京市生态屏障的重要部分,保持城乡之间生产生活和生态的平衡与协调,为北京的可持续发展提供有效保障.     

我国现代农业产业体系的构建

<正>现代农业既是一种基础产业,又是一种战略性产业。我国建设现代农业,需要开创农业产业化的道路,实现农产品生产、加工、销售的一体化,使农业经济由单一经济转向综合经济,产品输出由初级产品转向深加工产品,从而使现代农业从弱质产业变成具有强大活力的优势产业。我国建设现代农业,也不能走过去发达国家走过的工业化农业的老路,必须走出一条现代农业可持续发展的新路。因此,我国现代农业的建设,必须深入推进农业供给侧结构性改革,不断提高农民组织化程度,着力构建现代农业产业体系,实现我国现代农业绿色、高质、高效的发展目标。     

关于建设现代农业与农业机械化发展研究

在现代农业建设与发展过程中,农业机械化已经为主要趋势,不仅是现代农业发展中主要的实施手段,还是社会主义新农村建设的主要任务。在现代农业发展中,只有实现大规模的机械化发展,推行农业生产标准化与商品化,才能提高农作物的生产质量。所以,在本文中,对现代农业建设与农业机械化发展进行了研究。     

台湾现代农业发展之路对河南的启示

本文在分析台湾现代农业发展的历程、模式及道路的基础上,提出要推进河南现代农业的进一步发展,必须认真研究和借鉴台湾现代农业发展的成功经验,立足河南农业发展的实际,加快农村土地承包经营权有序流转,推进农地适度规模化经营;走特色农业、品牌农业、生态农业之路;加大对农民的人力资本投入,努力造就建设现代农业的人才队伍;大力发展农业科技,促进河南农业科技进步;进一步健全农业标准化体系;进一步改善农业生产条件;加快先进适用农机的推广应用;大力扶持和发展农民合作组织.     

支持现代农业发展的探索

<正>要发展现代农业,必须发挥政府或国有企业"有形之手"的作用,积极培育更高层次、更具现代管理意识的新的农业生产经营主体。农业是我国经济的基础,中央一直高度重视农业问题。习近平总书记最近在视察吉林省时指出,要健全城乡发展一体化体制机制,加快建立现代农业,加快推进农民增收,加快建设社会主义新农村,走出一条集约、高效、安全、持续的现代农业发展道路。支持好现代农业建设,把国家的战略、规划与农发行信贷支农政策紧密结合,     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目