The Reservation Wage Unemployment Duration Nexus*

A thorny problem in identifying the determinants of reservation wages and particularly the role of continued joblessness in their evolution is the simultaneity issue. We deploy a control function approach to the problem that involves conditioning elapsed duration on completed unemployment duration in the reservation wage equation. Our analysis confirms that the use of elapsed duration alone compounds two separate and opposing influences. Only with the inclusion of completed duration is the negative effect of continued joblessness on reservation wages apparent.     

结构性失业、周期性失业对中国城镇居民收入差距的影响

本文基于中国1978～2009年的时间序列数据,将失业率分解为结构性失业和周期性失业两部分,分别考察其与城镇居民收入差距的关系.结果表明:结构性失业率上升使得我国城镇居民收入差距拉大,而周期性失业率对其影响微弱.进一步的稳健性分析表明,结构性失业的直接受损群体为低收入阶层.对于城镇高收入阶层,无论是周期性失业率还是结构性失业率,都不对其收入水平构成显著性影响.     

Unemployment Insurance

The introduction of social insurance in Britain stemmed ultimately from Beveridge's and others' desire to abolish poverty. Beveridge failed to understand that social insurance is incompatible with private insurance markets, and especially unemployment insurance.     

完善失业保险预防失业功能的思考

失业保险制度作为我国社会保险制度的一个重要组成部分,其所发挥的功能和作用对于维护经济和社会的稳定有着重要意义,尤其是预防失业这一功能。当下经济全球化和社会主义市场经济的发展,使得我国经济正在面临前所未有的挑战,企业经营的风险不断加大,这也就意味着劳动者失业的风险也在加大。针对如何缓解这一现象,作为经济稳定器和减压阀的失业保险[1]有着重大责任和义务。其中预防失业、促进就业也就成为了重中之重,迫切的需要进行完善和改革。     

论信息技术教学的必要性

21世纪是一个信息技术高度发达的时代。信息的全球化,使得信息产品、信息服务成了每个国家,每个人必不可少的一部分。掌握信息技术,成了每个人生存的基础。小学作为个人成长的重要时期,信息技术教育应成为小学教育中重要的一部分。本文从小学信息技术对提高学生学习兴趣、快速掌握现代信息、开发小学生智力等方面作了探讨。     

Seasonal Employment, Seasonal Unemployment and Unemployment Compensation: The Case of the Tourist Industry of the Greek Islands

Abstract . A theoretical and empirical investigation of the employment opportunities generated in the tourist industry of the Greek islands, this study supports the conventional thesis that unemployment is not necessarily produced by seasonal employment. Unemployment following a period of seasonal employment may be voluntary or involuntary. Some employees choose seasonal occupations because they pay more. Others do so because seasonal occupations suit their non-market activities during their off-peak season(s), or they may lack any other occupational alternatives. Any unemployment compensation policy designed to smooth out the seasonal nature of employment in industries such as tourism may accentuate the unemployment problem.     

Hysteresis in Unemployment

After two decades of ratcheting unemployment in Europe, most economists agree that structural changes associated with higher equilibrium rates of unemployment have occurred. But the direction of causality is a matter of controversy: Have the structural changes caused the long-lasting increases in actual unemployment? Or have the increases in actual unemployment caused the structural changes? The latter possibility is often referred to as hysteresis. During the past decade, a distinct research program has evolved around the idea that equilibrium employment tracks actual unemployment. This survey reviews the various hysteretic explanations offered in the literature and evaluates their empirical standing.     

关于失业问题的思考

当前社会,失业是一个较为普遍的国际性问题,中国在建立社会主义市场经济体制和二元经济结构转换过程中,特别是20世纪90年代后期以来,也出现了严峻的就业压力。文章在深入分析我国失业现状的基础上,认为我们应该根据中国国情,制定促进就业的经济发展战略和积极的就业政策,以有力促进我国经济社会协调发展。     

转型期失业保障制度的博弈分析

社会保障的问题历来是倍受争议的问题,存在着很多重大分歧。有一些博弈论专家曾经用博弈模型来讨论社会福利的问题,著名的社会福利博弈模型就是一个很好的例子。通过研究原始的社会福利博弈模型,我们可以得到一个结论就是:一个社会的福利水平越高会导致失业水平越高。在西方“福利型”社会中这已是一个被广为接受的观点,对此国内也有很多学者持相同意见。然而我国毕竟还不属于“福利型”社会,目前我国的社会保障制度也不够完善;另外,我国的失业工人中有相当一部分属“非自愿失业”。这些种种原因决定了在我国这样的社会,不能不加取舍得引用西方社会的理论来构建我们的社会保障制度。因此,我们只有修正原始的社会福利博弈模型,使其适用于处于经济转型期的社会。     

Breaking into Unemployment: The Black Economy and Workfare

Dr Graham Dawson, of the Employment Research Centre at University of Buckingham, sketches the reality of unemployment and the black economy. He describes how he helped carry out a survey of the unemployed in Liverpool in October 1986 and lost his car radio.     

Unemployment and liquidity constraints

We present a dynamic framework for the interaction between borrowing (liquidity) constraints and deviations of actual hours from desired hours, both measured by discrete‐valued indicators, and estimate it as a system of dynamic binary and ordered probit models with panel data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We analyze a household's propensity to be liquidity constrained by means of a dynamic binary probit model. We analyze qualitative aspects of the conditions of employment, namely whether the household head is involuntarily overemployed, voluntarily employed, or involuntarily underemployed or unemployed, by means of a dynamic ordered probit model. We focus on the possible interaction between the two types of constraints. We estimate these models jointly using maximum simulated likelihood, where we allow for individual random effects along with an autoregressive process for the general error term in each equation. A novel feature of our method is that it allows for the random effects to be correlated with regressors in a time‐invariant fashion. Our results provide strong support for the basic theory of constrained behavior and the interaction between liquidity constraints and exogenous constraints on labor supply. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New Insights into Unemployment Duration and Post Unemployment Earnings in Germany*

Building on non‐stationary search theory ( Mortensen, 1977 ; Van den Berg, 1990 ), this article estimates the effects of UB on unemployment durations and future earnings using unique administrative data in Germany. We apply censored Box–Cox quantile regression. Our results imply that the length of entitlement shows only a weak effect on unemployment duration for entitlement lengths up to 12 months and no effect on post unemployment earnings. There are noticeable effects on exits from unemployment for entitlement lengths above 12 months. A high wage replacement rate for low‐wage earners is associated with a longer duration of unemployment and higher post unemployment earnings.