Aggregating input–output systems with minimum error

ABSTRACT

Recent advances in multi-region input-output (IO) table construction have led to large databases becoming available. Some of these databases currently demand too much computer memory or user cognition to be handled effectively outside high-performance environments, especially for applications such as virtual laboratories, computable general equilibrium modelling, linear programming, series expansion, or structural decomposition analysis, thus inhibiting their widespread use by analysts and decision-makers. Aggregation is an obvious solution; but there is a need for structured approaches to aggregating an IO system in a way that does not compromise the ability to effectively answer the research question at hand. In this article, I describe how structural path analysis can be used to realise a computationally inexpensive method for aggregating IO systems whilst minimising aggregation errors. I show that there exists no one-fits-all strategy, but that optimal aggregation depends on the research question at hand.     

服务业结构升级与就业之间相关关系研究

大力发展现代服务业,促进服务业结构优化升级是我国服务业发展的重要方向,与此同时,我国服务业仍肩负着解决就业问题的重要使命.如何使服务业结构向着优化升级的目标逐步演进,但又不影响劳动就业目标的实现,是我国改革与发展过程中必须协调解决的一个重要问题.探讨了服务业结构升级与就业之间的相关关系,并提出了政策建议.     

Adjustment, Stabilisation and the Analysis of the Employment Structure in Turkey: An Input- Output Approach

The aim of the paper is to examine the effects on employment of the large-scale structural adjustment programme undertaken by Turkey from the early 1980s onwards. In this respect, we particularly analyse how appropriate the choices of factor intensity after structural adjustment programme have been in the domestic production in comparison with the availability of domestic factor endowment. Our findings show that foreign trade in intermediate goods creates extra use of domestic labour, which can be considered as the labour cost of importing intermediate goods. This is the case in the majority of industries in the pre- and post-liberalisation period in Turkey. However, the capacity of using extra labour as a result of importing intermediate goods appeared to have decreased in the post-liberalisation period.     

供给侧结构性改革与苏北就业政策优化——基于淮安市703家企业用工情况的调查

基于对苏北淮安703家企业用工情况的调查,本文发现2014²016年,企业用工总量相对平稳,服务业和新经济形态企业用工增速较快;企业用工缺口较小,招工难度不大;企业用工年龄结构合理,劳动力素质基础较好;企业用工成本小幅上升。同时,企业面临运营压力加大,高级技工与业务骨干缺乏,社保和住房公积金缴纳压力凸显,与此同时,年轻劳动力流动性加大,工人老龄化现象开始显现,据此,应大力培养高级技工人才,着力提高用工数量与就业质量,合理降低企业运行成本,用足用好稳岗补贴,进一步完善就业创业服务体系。     

Flexible work arrangements in Greece: a study of employee perceptions

The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to explore factors that affect employees' perceptions towards flexible work options; second, to examine whether the perceived benefits and barriers associated with work flexibility predict one's decision to participate in flexible work arrangements or not. A total of 362 Greek employees participated in the study to determine their attitudes towards flexible work practices. Univariate analyses of variance and logistic regression analysis were conducted with the aim of exploring the research hypotheses. It is found that attitudes towards flexible work options are dependent on gender, sector of employment and prior participation in a flexible work scheme. In general, women, public sector employees and employees who have participated in flexible work arrangements are more likely to perceive more benefits and fewer costs with regard to the use of work flexibility. Further analysis provided evidence that work–life balance benefits are stronger predictors of participation in flexible work practices. These findings suggest that employee-centred organisations that view flexibility as a valuable management tool, should deal with specific barriers that discourage people from taking up flexible work arrangements. Given the dearth of empirical research on work flexibility in Greece, the findings of this study provide the wider academic community with new insights on employees' perceptions of flexible work options.     

国外非正规部门研究的主要学派

根据所依据的理论思想,将当前非正规部门的主要理论学派划分为二元主义、新马克思主义和新自由主义,对其核心观点、存在的争论及综合途径进行了分析。认为非正规部门的多样性和地理差异性既是争论产生的主要原因,也是实现理论综合的基础。据此从特定地理背景与非正规经济发展之间的关系、非正规经济体系与非正规经济政策建议三方面探讨了我国非正规部门理论研究的议题。     

Distancing flexibility in the hotel industry: the role of employment agencies as labour suppliers

Two interrelated aspects of the debate on the nature of labour supply chain in the hotel industry form the focus of this research article. First, the notion of a shift to some forms of human resources recruitment strategies which seeks to use agency staff as a means of generating economical benefits – as opposed to conventional permanent staffing; and, second, the paramount importance of using distancing flexibility through effective agency utilization with the consequence of controlling labour costs, satisfying firm's demand for labour, and to respond to possible fluctuations in manpower needs. To this end, the research advocates the use of qualitative methodology in the form of semi-structured and in-depth interviews with hotel housekeeping managers, their partner agency managers and their flexible workers. Based upon the interviewees' responses and other documentary sources, we find, among others, that pursuing labour flexibility appears to be inevitable in the hotel industry; that the three-tier flexible firm model (Atkinson 1984 Atkinson, J. 1984. Manpower Strategies for Flexible Organizations. Personnel Management, August, : 28–31.  [Google Scholar]) does not provide a full account of the supply chain relationship between hotels and employment agencies; and that employees are being relatively treated as a ‘cost’ – as opposed to a ‘resource’ (see Slack, Chambers and Johnston 2004 Slack, N., Chambers, S. and Johnston, R. 2004. Operations Management, (4th ed.),, London: FT Prentice Hall.  [Google Scholar]). To conclude, the research evidence is used, combined with previous literature, to discuss the implications of these results for broader debates on the utilization of flexible workers in the supply chain relationship between the client hotels and their partner agencies.     

农林高校毕业生涉农领域就业的路径研究

众所周知,我国是农业大国,但农业发展仍存在很多问题,与发达国家相比差距较大,究其原因主要是人才匮乏。近年来,我国农林高校毕业生就业主要以市场配置为主,由于各地区发展客观上存在巨大差距,大量毕业生流向中东部地区大城市或中心城市,而以农业为主的中小城市、城镇乡村却无人问津,其就业出现结构性失衡。面临这种现实情况,如何使农林高校毕业生成为现代农业发展亟需的农业人力资本,引导其充实到农村发挥专业之所长,成为当前农业发展的一个重要命题。     

基于行业关联网络的行业集群划分与应用

基于改进的时间序列相似性度量构建行业关联网络,运用最小生成树算法简化网络结构。通过对中国股票市场进行实证研究,考察网络结构得到行业群的划分,并通过统计得到行业群在不同经济周期阶段下表现的一般规律,为战略性行业配置和投资决策提供有价值的参考信息。     

河南工业化城镇化进程中农民工就业发展权实现的基本路径探析

河南农民工就业发展权实现如何,对于中原经济区建设和加快河南工业化城镇化进程来说至关重要。本文从增强实现农民工就业发展权的思想认识、强化农民工就业的制度保障、改进农民工就业的公共服务、提高农民工就业的能力水平、培育农民工就业服务的社会组织等方面,对实现河南农民工就业发展权的基本路径进行初探。     

浙江省产业结构与就业结构协调性及影响因素实证研究

为了研究浙江省产业结构和就业结构的协调性,根据《2019年浙江省统计年鉴》的相关数据,对浙江省2000—2018年产业结构和就业结构的演变规律、三次产业的就业弹性以及三次产业的产业结构与就业结构的偏离度进行了研究,研究结果表明两者之间的协调水平较低.又通过灰色关联法对影响两者协调发展的因素进行了实证分析,结果显示每种因...     

Robustness of normal theory statistics in structural equation models*

A condition is given by which optimal normal theory methods, such as the maximum likelihood methods, are robust against violation of the normality assumption in a general linear structural equation model. Specifically, the estimators and the goodness of fit test are robust. The estimator is efficient within some defined class, and its standard errors can be obtained by a correction formula applied to the inverse of the information matrix. Some special models, like the factor analysis model and path models, are discussed in more detail. A method for evaluating the robustness condition is given.     

Economic Growth and Structural Changes in Employment and Investments in China, 1985–94

This paper uses a shift-share method to quantify the components of economic growth and structural changes in employment and investments at both the national and regional levels. The results indicate that rapid economic growth has been characterized by significant shifts in employment and investments between industries in China. Such structural changes have a distinct regional pattern which has important policy implications regarding spatial disparities in economic growth and income. The results shed some important light on the understanding of Deng's development thought that is formalized in this paper as a multi-tier and multi-stage development strategy for a large developing economy. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国产业结构与就业吸纳能力的实证分析

基于就业弹性的视角对我国产业结构与就业吸纳能力进行实证分析发现,我国第一产业拉动就业不足,第三产业拉动就业能力较强。再通过比较我国结构偏离系数与国际标准结构偏离系数发现:第一产业存在大量的隐性失业,第二产业吸纳就业能力在减弱,劳动力在向第三产业转移;各行业直接或者间接吸纳就业能力不同,批零餐饮业和社会服务等行业拉动就业作用最强。最后,从消除第一产业隐性失业、发展劳动密集型产业等角度提出了一些解决我国结构性就业矛盾的政策建议。     

Structural analysis of international trade: Environmental impacts of Norway

Final demand purchases initiate production processes that ultimately lead to environmental impacts. With the increase in international trade, many production processes occur outside of the country of final consumption. Whilst several studies have evaluated the pollution embodied in consumption and trade flows, few studies have investigated the structural linkages between domestic consumption and production in foreign regions. In this article we apply three complementary approaches to study the production network leading from the Norwegian economy to domestic and international environmental impacts: (1) the consumption perspective identifies final demand purchases that produce environmental impacts; (2) the production perspective identifies the production processes generating the pollution for a given demand; and (3) structural path analysis is used to provide the linkages between the global production networks linking consumption and production. We find that the three approaches provide different, but complementary information. For policy to focus on both sustainable consumption and production, all three approaches are required to fully identify environmentally important sectors in an economy.