基于策略型消费者的服装业双渠道供应链定价策略研究

在一个制造商和一个零售商构成的双渠道供应链模型中,引入策略型消费者这一变量来研究时装业传统渠道和直销渠道的定价策略。建立以制造商为主的Stackelberg模型,分析了在市场中策略型消费者的比例对服装业定价策略的影响,求出在集中决策和分散决策下最优定价策略。结果表明当市场中策略型消费者数量少且影响小时,制造商定价策略的主要对象是零售商;而当策略型消费者数量多且影响较大时,制造商定价策略的主要对象是策略型消费者。最后通过数值分析得出集中决策下的供应链利润高于分散决策下供应链利润,从而制定最优定价策略。     

引入自有品牌的供应链激励机制设计研究

针对引入自有品牌的供应链激励机制设计问题,首先在对称信息和非对称信息下建立由两个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链激励机制模型,接着分析引入自有品牌的供应链激励机制均衡结果,最后对自有品牌引入前后的均衡结果进行比较。通过分析发现,零售商在制造商品牌上的努力水平始终不超过其在自有品牌上的努力水平;在对称信息下,零售商引入自有品牌肯定会使制造商受到损失,而在非对称信息下制造商可能会从中获利。     

引入自有品牌的供应链激励机制设计研究

针对引入自有品牌的供应链激励机制设计问题,首先在对称信息和非对称信息下建立由两个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链激励机制模型,接着分析引入自有品牌的供应链激励机制均衡结果,最后对自有品牌引入前后的均衡结果进行比较.通过分析发现,零售商在制造商品牌上的努力水平始终不超过其在自有品牌上的努力水平;在对称信息下,零售商引入自有品牌肯定会使制造商受到损失,而在非对称信息下制造商可能会从中获利.     

零售商公平关切下闭环供应链产品升级生产与协调机制研究

研究了由一个制造商和零售商组成的产品升级闭环供应链的生产协调问题。引入公平关切系数后,分别讨论了产品升级闭环供应链集中与分散模型下的最优生产决策,分析零售商公平关切行为、产品升级前后性能差距对产品升级闭环供应链利润的影响,并提出“定价契约”对产品升级闭环供应链利润进行协调。研究表明,制造商需要合理控制升级前后产品性能差距才能使得升级前后产品拥有更好的市场;随着零售商公平关切行为程度的提升,制造商的利润会向零售商发生转移;控制升级性能差距不变,产品不断地推陈出新会提高供应链的整体收益;采用“定价契约”可以协调制造商和零售商之间的收益,实现帕累托优化。     

公平关切下考虑成本分担的绿色供应链决策研究

文章针对绿色产品研发的制造商和绿色营销活动的零售商组成的绿色供应链,在考虑制造商存在公平关切的情形下,分析无成本分担、制造商分担营销成本和零售商分担绿色研发成本行为对绿色供应链定价策略及利润的影响,并分析不同分担模式下决策结果的差异性。结论表明：制造商公平关切对供应链成员不利;零售商成本分担能够提高制造商和零售商的利润;两种分担模式都能刺激制造商的绿色研发投入。研究有助于供应链企业在契约合作方面作出更好的决策。     

交叉持股对双渠道供应链定价和利润的影响

基于Stackelberg博弈模型,对比分析占主导的制造商和传统零售商交叉持股对单一传统渠道、网上直销双渠道和网上分销双渠道三种渠道结构下供应链定价和渠道决策的影响。研究表明:制造商增加对传统零售商的持股份额有利于提升制造商和供应链收益,但会降低传统零售商收益,传统零售商增加对制造商的持股份额有利于提升自身收益,但并不影响供应链收益;当线下线上市场份额相差较大时,网上直销双渠道结构下制造商的利润高于网上分销双渠道高于单一传统渠道;传统零售商利润的高低主要受持股份额的影响,当传统零售商对制造商的持股份额较大时,网上直销双渠道结构下传统零售商的利润高于网上分销双渠道高于单一传统渠道。     

基于碳交易政策考虑CSR和消费者低碳偏好的低碳供应链决策

在“双碳”目标下,低碳供应链如何定价和投入碳减排决策是实现供应链低碳发展的重要问题。为了研究企业的社会责任对低碳供应链定价和碳减排技术决策的影响,文章构建了一个由制造商、零售商和具有低碳偏好的消费者构成的二级低碳供应链博弈模型,对比分析制造商考虑企业社会责任程度和消费者低碳偏好对供应链决策的影响,并确认了企业社会责任程度的最优范围,根据数值分析验证了结论的有效性。研究结果表明：制造商考虑企业社会责任程度在一定值域内才能够有效地降低低碳产品价格,提高供应链的碳减排量以及制造商和零售商的利润,对使用减排技术实现双碳目标方面具有实践意义和管理启示。     

考虑绿色度与销售努力水平的绿色供应链广告营销策略研究

广告营销策略影响着绿色产品的推广与销售,文章以一个绿色产品制造商和一个线下实体零售商构成的二级供应链为研究对象,考虑产品的绿色度与线下零售商的销售努力水平对品牌商誉的影响,运用微分博弈分别构建独立营销和联合营销的模型,讨论在动态框架下供应链广告的营销策略。研究表明：首先,在最优决策时,无论是独立营销还是联合营销,绿色产品批发价格、销售价格、绿色技术水平和销售努力水平都相同,产品绿色度和销售努力水平的动态轨迹也相同;其次,由于制造商和零售商在进行联合营销时投入的广告多于独立营销,从而导致相较于独立营销,联合营销时该产品的品牌商誉更高;最后,无论是制造商还是零售商,在联合营销时利润均高于独立营销。     

考虑资金约束的供应链制造商赊销综合决策研究

文章建立了制造商资金约束下的二级供应链决策模型,研究制造商的融资与赊销综合决策,给出了分散决策和集中决策下制造商应收账款融资的最优融资比例,以及系统产量和利润关于定价与信用期的关系,通过数值算例进一步分析两种决策的不同特点：分散决策下,制造商的赊销决策决定了供应链利润、是否融资及最优产量能否实现,而集中决策下制造商的赊销决策仅影响供应链利润在主体间的分配,不影响系统利润;当制造商进行应收账款融资时,低定价下供应链分散决策更具优势,随着定价提高,集中决策能为该供应链创造更高的价值。     

基于渠道竞争的双渠道供应链低碳协调策略

针对由一个制造商和一个零售商构成的双渠道供应链,将渠道竞争和产品的低碳性能引入消费者的非线性需求中,通过构建制造商为主导者的Stackelberg博弈模型,对比分析了分散决策和集中决策下的最优定价、碳排放水平和成员利润,并采用价格折扣-成本分摊契约实现了供应链的协调。研究结果表明:在分散决策和集中决策两种情况下,渠道竞争程度的增加均会造成碳排放水平、供应链利润和消费者效用的降低;集中决策下的直销价格大于分散决策下的直销价格,集中决策下的零售价格小于分散决策下的零售价格。最后通过算例验证了以上结论和协调机制的有效性。     

A Study of Vertical Integration and Vertical Divestiture: The Case of Store Brand Milk Sourcing in Boston

This article investigates whether a retailer’s store brand supply source impacts vertical pricing and supply channel profitability. Using chain‐level retail scanner data, a random coefficients logit demand model is estimated employing a Bayesian estimation approach. Supply models are specified conditional on demand parameter estimates. Bayesian decision theory is applied to select the best fitting pricing model. Results indicate that a vertically integrated retailer engages in linear pricing for brand manufacturers’ products while competing retailers make nonlinear pricing contracts with brand manufacturers for branded products and store brands. A simulated vertical divestiture based on real world events provides evidence for improved channel efficiency.     

非对称信息下双渠道供应链定价策略研究

针对需求信息非对称的环境下双渠道供应链中零售商和制造商的追求利益最大化的问题,研究了双渠道供应链的定价策略。通过构建数学模型求得了最优解,并且做了相应的数值分析。结果表明:同一渠道需求弹性系数对定价的影响大于交叉渠道需求弹性系数对定价的影响;双渠道供应链各参与者之间需求信息的共享更加有利于制定合理的定价,并取得更高的收益。     

基于博弈理论的外贸出口供应链利益分配问题研究

针对出口制造商、国外进口零售商和外贸服务商组成的外贸出口供应链中的利益分配问题,运用博弈理论分析独立决策和合作决策下的定价及利润关系,得出合作决策不仅使供应链系统收益提高,而且消费者也从中获益.对于合作决策下利益分配的矛盾,可以运用群体加权重心模型对供应链中成员企业的收益进行合理分配,达到共赢的目的.最后通过算例加以说明外贸出口供应链利益分配问题,并给出了研究的结论及启示.     

Wholesale price discrimination: Innovation incentives and upstream competition

In intermediate good markets where there are alternative supply sources, wholesale price discrimination may enhance innovation incentives downstream. We consider a vertical chain where a dominant firm and a competitive fringe supply imperfect substitutes to duopoly retailers which carry both varieties. We show that a ban on price discrimination by the dominant supplier makes uniform pricing credible and reduces retailers’ incentives to decrease the cost of acquiring the competitively supplied variety, leading to higher upstream profits and lower downstream welfare. Our analysis complements existing results by identifying a novel channel through which wholesale price discrimination can improve dynamic market efficiency.     

Dynamic decision and coordination in a low-carbon supply chain considering the retailer's social preference

We establish dynamic game models in a low-carbon supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and a single retailer with social preference. This study investigates the complex dynamic characteristics of pricing decision and carbon abatement strategy in the supply chain and focuses on the impact of the retailer's social preference on pricing decision, carbon emission abatement strategy, profits, supply chain coordination, and complexity of dynamic models. We find that adjustment parameters of pricing and carbon emission abatement should be maintained in a certain range; otherwise, the system will be unstable and even chaotic through period double bifurcation or wave shape chaos. A higher social preference of the retailer is always beneficial to carbon abatement and the manufacturer and helps maintain the stability of the supply chain system. However, the impact on the long-term profitability of the supply chain is related to the state of the system. Compared with the setting of a centralized decision, the optimal carbon abatement strategy and supply chain profit in a decentralized decision are always less than those in a centralized setting, regardless of whether the retailer has social preference. Therefore, a side-payment self-executing contract is designed to coordinate the supply chain and achieve Pareto improvement. The coordination mechanism proposed in this study not only leads to Pareto improvement but also increases the stability of the supply chain system. Finally, this study enlightens management in operating a low-carbon supply chain.     

Decision analysis and coordination of dual supply chain with retailer's offline return service and online reviews

Based on the centralized and decentralized decision-making cases, this study constructs a dual-channel supply chain game model that considers offline return service and online reviews, and explores the pricing decisions and benefits of supply chains under the dual influence of return service level and online reviews. The impact of return rate, return service level and perceived quality of online reviews on optimal supply chain decisions and profits are further analyzed. Finally, considering the phenomenon of double marginalization in the supply chain, this study coordinates the supply chain based on the benefit-sharing contract coordination model to achieve Pareto improvement. The research shows that: The manufacturer's optimal wholesale price, the optimal online selling price and the retailer's optimal offline price are positively correlated with the perceived quality of online reviews and the level of return service. Compared with the return service level, the perceived quality of online reviews has a greater impact on the overall profit of the supply chain. Under the dual influence of the perceived quality of online reviews and the level of return service, the supply chain profit in the centralized model is better than that in the decentralized model. The coordination model can effectively coordinate the supply chain. Moreover, when the sharing ratio of manufacturers is obviously lower than that of retailers, the coordination effect is better at this time.     

Evaluating food retailing efficiency: the role of information technology

Information and internet-based technologies have fostered new supply chain initiatives in food retailing but little research has evaluated performance and efficiency impacts. A distance function based on three key performance measures for food retailers is used to evaluate store performance and efficiency. The effects of store format, membership in a chain, unionization, and the adoption of a variety of information technologies. Supply chain technologies are groups into three general categories including data sharing technologies, decision sharing technologies, and technologies that support product assortment, pricing, and merchandising decisions.      

基于损失规避型零售商的供应链协调契约研究

在现代市场竞争日趋激烈的环境下,企业决策者的行为偏好对企业的成败有重大的影响。文章在前景理论的基础上,考虑损失规避型零售商与风险中性的供应商组成的供应链系统。在零售商面临需求受价格影响的前提下,在批发价格契约下分析损失规避特性对决策者行为的影响,最后通过价格补贴契约实现供应链的协调。     

Dynamic competitive retail pricing behavior with uncertainty and learning

When competing retailers lack full information about rivals' decision processes, how will dynamic pricing behavior vary from patterns observed in more traditional static or full-information models? We investigate this question in a dynamic alternating-moves duopoly model. Retailers update (linear) conjectures about rivals' future prices in a Bayesian fashion. We show that as observed and expected prices converge, a pricing equilibrium is always achieved, whether or not the conjectured and actual values of the slope of the rival's best response function are consistent. Assuming specific parameter values, we compare equilibrium prices and associated profits in our Bayesian learning model with those obtained under the assumptions of static Nash behavior, collusive behavior and dynamically optimal behavior with full information. We apply the notions of strategic substitutability and strategic complementarity to the analysis and find that when products are strategic complements, conjectures of higher rival price responsiveness lead to higher steady-state prices and profits. The reverse is true for strategic substitutes. We also find that learning about a rival's behavior proceeds more quickly, the less intensely related in demand are products. We find, in general, that equilibrium pricing patterns and profits can vary considerably from those in full-information environments, but that even with grossly wrong beliefs about rival behavior, competing retailers are still attracted to an equilibrium. The analysis suggests not only the value of investigating lessthan-full information situations but also the potential incremental value of signalling greater or less aggressiveness than truly characterizes one's behavior as a strategic option.     

Chain-Store Pricing Across Local Markets

Chain‐stores now dominate most areas of retailing. While retailers may operate nationally or even internationally, the markets they compete in are largely local. How should they best operate pricing policy in respect of the different markets served—price uniformly across the local markets or on a local basis according to market conditions? We model this by allowing local market differences, with retail markets differing by their size and the number of players present. We show that practising price discrimination is not always best for a chain‐store. Competitive conditions exist under which uniform pricing can raise profits.