The interaction between public and private governments: An empirical analysis

Private governments, found in planned developments and condominiums, are increasingly common methods of delivering local services to residents. This paper provides the first empirical study of their impact on local public finance. A novel data set of homeowners' associations allows construction of a panel of private governments in California. Panel methods test whether public expenditures respond to private government prevalence. Estimates indicate that local governments lower spending moderately in response to private government activity, consistent with strategic substitution. The paper then examines various mechanisms to explain this downloading and shows that the substitutability between public and private providers is key to which services are downloaded. Evidence also suggests that the economies of scale in service production in small cities temper the offloading of public services to private governments.     

Harnessing third parties as surrogate regulators: achieving environmental outcomes by alternative means

The need to design innovative strategies alternative or complementary to that of government regulation is becoming increasingly apparent. This article examines one such innovation: to use both business and commercial entities and non‐commercial third parties as surrogates for, or complements to, direct government regulation. This strategy will still involve government intervention, but selectively and in combination with a range of market solutions, and of public and private orderings. The contexts and circumstances in which third parties might be used as surrogate regulators are considered; the impediments to them acting in this role and the extent and circumstances in which they might be overcome are identified; and the roles that governments might play in facilitating, encouraging or otherwise ensuring that third parties do act successfully as surrogate regulators are examined. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

The state-of-the-art and future research directions in bequest fundraising by nonprofit organizations: A systematic literature review

The topic of fundraising is garnering increased attention from nonprofit practitioners due to the worldwide growth of the nonprofit sector and the subsequent competition for private funds. Despite this surge, academic literature on fundraising and bequest fundraising, in particular, has remained mainly limited to narrow aspects of the discipline. Based on a systematic review of literature published over the past 25 years, we synthesize various research perspectives into a comprehensive framework of studies linking the different issues highlighted by the authors. The purpose of this article is to consolidate the state of academic research on bequest fundraising by not-for-profit organizations. The literature review underscores how research efforts have not paid much attention to bequest fundraising from the NPO's perspective, although as it has become an increasingly important source of income for charitable organizations. The majority of studies focus on the Donor's perspective, striving to understand what drives the desire to leave a charitable bequest. The findings of the SLR show a gap in the knowledge of NPOs' internal mechanisms concerning the particular topic of charitable bequests; from these insights, the future research directions are proposed.     

Privatizing Museum Services In Uk Local Authorities

This article investigates the extent to which ‘privatization’ has taken place in museum services provided by local authorities in Britain. Three aspects of privatization are examined: change in the legal status of museums to charitable trusts; contracting-in and buying-in private service providers for specific work; and market- and marketing-orientation. All of these have a resonance in new public management in general and are of increasing significance to the international museum community. In the empirical site chosen for this article, privatization has progressed in varying degrees in relation to the three areas concerned, but overall only to a limited extent despite central government's pressure promoting this policy. Reasons suggested for this gap between the political context and the findings are the distinctiveness in the institutional arrangement of policy and the nature of the service. A good understanding of a polrcy arena along these llnes is needed for effective policy application.     

论慈善私益捐赠

我国慈善私益捐赠包括私益募捐和个人直捐两种。但是,我国《公益事业捐赠法》尚未规定私益捐赠,导致私益捐赠参与人的权利、义务、责任,私益捐赠财产权的类型及其归属缺乏立法保障。建议尽快出台《慈善法》,采取"大慈善"立法体制,将私益捐赠、公益捐赠、赞助、资助和志愿者服务等利他行为统一纳入其调整范围。同时,要加强对慈善私益捐赠资金使用、慈善项目运作的监管,保障慈善参与人权利,确立慈善参与人的信义义务和责任体系。     

A systemic approach to the application of marketing theory for charitable organisations

This paper will examine the contribution which core marketing concepts and ideas can make to an examination of the nonprofit-making sector, specifically charitable organisations. Using systemic theory as a framework it will be argued that core marketing concepts and ideas developed in, and specific to, the private sector, cannot be easily transferred to an examination of the charitable sector. At the same time however it will be stressed that these core concepts and ideas can provide a useful initial framework of reference against which further developments can be undertaken. The paper will propose a new dynamic approach to examining the charitable sector which facilitates a more discriminating approach to the application of marketing constructs.     

Charities marketing — more focus on the beneficiary

Academic literature on the marketing of charities is almost always associated with fundraising or the publicising of socially worthwhile causes. Little attention has been paid to the marketing of charitable services to their intended beneficiaries, for traditionally demand always exceeded supply. However, today many charities rely increasingly on fees for services for a substantial part of their income, which the authors believe must lead to more emphasis being placed on reaching potential beneficiaries and their financial supporters. This paper explores the case of a charity that had insufficient demand for its services. It shows that a lack of understanding of buyer behaviour was a principal cause of the problem. The analysis also shows that the decision process is a complex one that resembles industrial rather than consumer models. The paper goes on to demonstrate that this complex purchase behaviour applies to a large group of charities and that an understanding of it will increase in importance as charities seek new sources of income.     

我国民营油企发展的机遇、挑战和对策研究

近年来,我国民营油企日益受到政府的重视,成为国民经济中一个重要的组成部分。活跃在国内外石油市场的民营石油企业,面临着政府政策的倾斜、高油价及大型石油企业寻求合作等机遇,同时,也遇到了国内外石油市场竞争日益激烈、民营油企自身竞争力弱等诸多挑战。民营油企应适时抓住机遇、迎接挑战,采取加强企业集群建设、以股权换油源等相应的战略措施,促进自身健康迅速的发展。     

Let the G.L.C. Charge or Wind Up

How do we know if local government is efficient if it does not compete or sell its services? Rodney Lord draws on American experience to show the advantages of competition between local governments and between local government and private services.     

Growth and fluctuations: The role of public dividends and public spending

In this paper, we consider a discrete-time version of the endogenous growth model developed by Barro [Barro, R.J., 1990. Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth. Journal of Political Economy 98, 103–125], but augmented in order to envisage a public participation in the production of private goods. Public dividends are invested in order to provide a public good; in turn, the public good plays a role of indispensable production externality and, eventually, of growth engine.For what concerns the production of private goods, we find that an optimal policy is always based on a positive participation of the government as shareholder; also, when growth is slow, a public intervention or large substitution effects stabilize the economy.A right mix of short-run services and long-run infrastructures is suggested in slow economies to rule out expectation-driven fluctuations. Infrastructures are mainly recommended in presence of moderate income effects, while services are recommended in presence of strong income effects.     

Long-run growth and welfare effects of public policies with distortionary taxation

In a one-sector growth model with infrastructure investment, we study the impact of fiscal policies on growth. The government collects taxes on labor income and profits. The government uses these revenues to purchase infrastructure investment, provide utility enhancing government services, and to provide transfer payments to the households. We show that the balanced growth rate is an increasing function of the percent of government revenues that goes to infrastructure. We find that the growth maximizing mix of taxes depends on the elasticity of substitution between inputs. In particular, with distortionary taxes, the growth maximizing tax rate on capital is higher the lower the elasticity of substitution between private physical capital and public capital. In addition, the growth maximizing size of the government is higher when the elasticity of substitution between public and private inputs is low. We also investigate welfare effects of other public expenditures as well. Depending on the elasticity of substitution in production, the welfare implications of different public policies can be substantial.     

PUBLIC SERVICES MANAGEMENT: ACTIVITIES, INITIATIVES AND LIMITS TO LEARNING

Private sector-style management initiatives to ensure UK public services managers’ learning from private sector management practice are examined, and their rationale questioned. The lack of a coherent, systematic and agreed view of what constitutes ‘management’ and ‘managerial work’ in the private sector is discussed. It is argued that there are reasons for believing that the particular character and organizational contexts of public services will require different managerial behaviours. The manner in which experimental managerial initiatives in some public services have shifted into mandatory innovations is examined. Such innovations can be incompatible with the values of those managing in the public service, who frequently fail to recognize the advantages of late innovation, incrementalism and circumspection. In public services particularly, many managerial activities are the province of ‘non managerial’ staff. Though frequently not considered, the values of these de facto managers may be central to the progress of such innovations. It is further argued that risk-taking as applied in a business context is inappropriate to the degree that public services managers must be concerned with the common weal, equity and accountability. The article concludes with a detailed research agenda to support the need to recognize public services management as a rich and varied area of managerial behaviour in its own right. Its character and variation warrants further investigation as a basis for formulating more appropriate management concepts against which to measure public services managers’ behaviour and performance.     

Modernising pay in the UK public services: trends and implications

The emerging character of the UK government's public sector pay reforms during the second and third (New) Labour terms of office is reviewed and contextualised. Three settings are examined where pay reform has been actively employed – with the accent on harmonisation, simplification and devolution of practice, with the express intention of restoring public service workforce morale, while improving services to clients – namely, local government, the National Health Service and the Higher Education sector. The evidence is interpreted as illustrating undoubted change, but also significant areas where progress has been less than intended, measured against the government's original programme goals. Equal pay considerations appear to have dominated all three projects reviewed: the failure to date of public sector managements to capitalise on opportunities the new pay architecture affords them to change local working practices may be attributed to a combination of factors discussed in the article. These have given rise to tensions as efforts have been pursued to transplant private sector pay techniques, somewhat hastily in some cases, without due consideration of the institutional context within which public services and proximal institutions function.     

The derived demand for faculty research

Estimation of the demands for many services supplied by government and charitable organizations are hampered by two practices common to the supply of these services. The suppliers often employ non‐price rationing of these services, and they price discriminate. The supply of college training, for example, is rationed on the basis of academic ability as well as willingness to pay, and more able students are typically quoted lower net prices (associated with scholarships) than less able students. This paper suggests a method for dealing with both practices in the analysis of cross‐sectional data. This methodology is used to investigate the question of why university faculty members are expected to do research as well as teach. One answer supported by our empirical work is that the customers (e.g., the students) demand it. Thus, controlling for price and non‐academic features, better students will choose to attend a university where more scholarly research is performed. Moreover, our empirical findings also support a strong negative link between faculty time devoted to teaching and the supply of research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Holier than thou: Investigating the relationship between religiosity and charitable giving

One's religiosity (or lack thereof) is the touchstone from which people view and interact with the world. The presumed positive impact of religiosity on charitable giving, however, may be an oversimplification. The present study takes a more nuanced approach to the subject and investigates the impact of 2 potential mediators (attitudes toward helping others, AHO, and attitudes toward charitable organizations) and 1 moderator (materialism) on the religiosity–charitable giving relationship. Study results suggest that religiosity has a positive effect on attitudes toward charitable organizations, AHO, and donating to charity. Religiosity was also found to have an indirect impact on charitable giving via AHO. Materialism interacted with AHO, such that the indirect effect of religiosity on charitable giving through AHO is attenuated as materialism increases. Implications of the present research for better understanding charitable giving are discussed.     

Voice,exit and local capture in public provision of private goods

We developed a simple model on publicly provided private goods, such as health or education that highlights a vicious cycle faced by many developing countries. When public services are not of high quality due to mismanagement or corruption, the wealthy may switch to private alternatives. Their exit weakens the influence of citizen voice over politicians, since that leaves the poor as the only constituent with a stake in good governance. As the civic control over local governments weakens, government’s concern for social welfare declines even further, leading to more corruption and more corrosion in the quality of public services. Our model shows that establishing institutions (such as local taxation) that spread the costs and benefits of governance across the whole society is crucial for the success of local governments. Empirical results from the Philippines support this hypothesis.     

Does the expansionary government spending crowd out the private consumption?: Cointegration analysis in panel data

That whether expansionary government spending crowds out private consumption is examined by evaluating the intra-temporal elasticity of substitution between them. Using annual data (1981–2000) of 23 OECD countries, a linear deterministic cointegration relation between private consumption, government spending and their relative price is supported. We have two findings: first, the panel estimators plausibly compute the parameter estimates in general. Second, when cross-sectional correlation is considered by using a SUR estimator, the statistical significance of panel cointegration is improved. Thirdly, the intra-temporal elasticity of substitution indicates that government and private consumption are found to be complements, which shows that expansionary government spending does not crowd out private consumption.     

The development of purpose and strategy within British charitable organisations: historical impressions

This paper is based on research work undertaken as part of a PhD thesis. It considers the development of purpose and strategy within British charitable organisations. First, the historical path of charity in Britain is traced. Secondly, an assessment of the more fundamental forces that constitute the nature of charitable initiative are explored, much of which is applicable beyond ‘our island home’.[Churchill, W. (1957) ‘A History of the English Speaking Peoples’, Cassell and Company, London.] The historical relationship of charity to business is then examined, particularly in terms of the influence that business ‘culture’ is gaining in shaping charitable endeavour today. Finally, an initiative to link business and charity is presented and conclusions are noted. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications     

Public spending,public governance and economic growth at the Vietnamese provincial level: A disaggregate analysis

This study examines the role of economic governance in the relationship between public spending, private investment, and economic growth in Vietnam at the provincial level. The study data consist of sixty-two Vietnamese provinces for the period 2006–2015. Some notable results are attained by applying a sequential (two-stage) estimation. First, the marginal benefits to economic growth of increased Vietnamese provincial government expenditures may be constrained because of the inefficiency of expenditures on education, business services, and public administration. Second, public spending and private investment are found to be substitutes at the provincial level. Third, based on the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) ranking, used as a proxy for provincial public governance in Vietnam, the significance of public governance can be observed. The study concludes that good governance, characterized by different attributes, such as lower informal charges, greater transparency, and unbiased policy, plays a critical role in improving the impact of government expenditure on economic growth in Vietnamese provinces, particularly through its interactions with private sector investment.     

我国企业慈善捐赠的障碍及政策选择

我国慈善事业的发展还处在初级阶段,企业慈善捐赠的积极性不是很高,企业慈善捐赠的水平仍然很低。企业慈善捐赠面临诸多障碍:索捐、迫捐、诈捐现象时有发生;政府在慈善捐赠中的角色定位不清;企业在享受税收优惠等激励方面限制太多;民间慈善组织的发展受到束缚。因此,转变慈善捐赠观念,完善有关慈善捐赠的法律法规,是我国慈善事业发展的当务之急。