Content and method: an epistemic perspective on some historical episodes

The double contrast between allocation and process and between formal proof and empirically based reasoning is selectively applied to the history of economics. Hume's rejection of provable knowledge led to Smith's psychological explanation of science and thence to his theory of growth through the division of labour. Marshall's cautious theorizing and cognitively based evolutionary perspective stimulated contrasting responses from Sraffa and Young. Robinson matched method to content but Chamberlin did not, and Andrews's attempt to develop a process-based price theory met more resistance than Penrose's reinvention of growth theory. We currently observe conflicting methods of handling evolution and business strategy.     

国内外农产品价格传导路径

对国内外农产品价格及其涨幅进行了对比分析。从国际农产品价格、国际原油价格向国内农产品价格传导的角度,利用结构方程模型探讨了国内外农产品价格的传导路径。结果显示:国际农产品价格对国内农产品价格具有直接的传导效应,国际原油价格对国内农产品价格具有间接的传导效应,国内货币政策对国内农产品价格的间接影响较为显著。     

Stochastic strategy adjustment in coordination games

Summary. The paper explores a model of equilibrium selection in coordination games, where agents from an infinite population stochastically adjust their strategies to changes in their local environment. Instead of playing perturbed best-response, it is assumed that agents follow a rule of ‘switching to better strategies with higher probability’. This behavioral rule is related to bounded-rationality models of Rosenthal (1989) and Schlag (1998). Moreover, agents stay with their strategy in case they successfully coordinate with their local neighbors. Our main results show that both strict Nash equilibria of the coordination game correspond to invariant distributions of the process, hence evolution of play is not ergodic but instead depends on initial conditions. However, coordination on the risk-dominant equilibrium occurs with probability one whenever the initial fraction contains infinitely many agents, independent of the spatial distribution of these agents. Received: March 14, 2000; revised version: June 21, 2001     

论我国饭店的等级划分与价格管理

在现实市场中,为了方便对酒店进行监督和管理,也为了不同层次消费者的需要,政府往往根据不同的硬件设施标准和软件服务水平对酒店进行等级划分;同时,由于我国旅游市场的外部性因素,政府又根据相应的标准对其进行一定的价格管制, 实行限价,藉此保护消费者,但是这会对消费者和经营者产生影响。     

Optimal pricing strategy for livestock of fishery and poultry

The paper deals with a joint project of fishery and poultry while growth rates of both the species depend on the available nutrients and environmental carrying capacities of biomasses. The demand rates of both the species in the market vary with the selling prices and on-hand stock of the species. The existence of steady states and its stability (local and global) analysis are studied in details. The relevant profit of the project is maximized with the help of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. The model is justified by a suitable numerical example.     

财务控制权配置:目标及实现机制

本文从经济学的角度分析后认为,企业财务控制权配置的目标是集体决策成本、知识成本与代理成本综合权衡的结果,然后以此为基础,对企业财务控制权配置的演变进行了探讨.本文最后还对现代公司财务控制权配置目标的实现途径进行了具体分析,认为财务控制权配置目标的实现不仅需要公司权力机关在形式与实质上的分权与制衡,还需要若干具体的措施与机制.     

粮食价格预警模型与风险防范机制研究

随着我国粮食购销市场化的加速推进,影响粮食安全的各种不确定因素增多.笔者在对粮食价格运行状态的类型进行界定的基础上,构建了粮食价格预警的控制论模型,分析了粮食价格调控系统的构成.这一系统包括模型系统和专家系统两部分.模型系统又包括信息采集系统、信息分析与推断系统、风险识别系统、信息输出与警报系统、预控对策系统等.笔者还设计了三种粮食价格定量调控模型,并对构建粮食价格风险防范机制提出了建议.     

我国网上拍卖中竞买者出价行为的实证分析

本文从竞买者出价频率与出价水平特征、出价时间过程的自相似性、出价水平的动态变化,以及出价水平的影响因素效应等四个方面,对我国网上拍卖中竞买者的出价行为进行了实证分析,结果发现:与eBay网上竞买者的出价行为相比,我国网上竞买者具有很高的倾向在后期出价,潜在影响因素易于在拍卖后期对竞买者的出价水平产生较大的影响;竞买者具有较强的投机心理,其出价行为存在较大的个体差异,缺乏规范、典型的模式。     

需求价格弹性分析

在大多数情况下,产品定价时需求价格弹性的计算多使用点弹性公式,这在营销学中是有缺陷的。本文对其进行了 分析,并提出应使用弧弹性公式指导产品定价。     

新型农村合作医疗与费用控制:基于医疗供给方的角度分析

我国新型农村合作医疗制度的成功可能主要取决于农村是否有一个廉价的医疗服务系统。基于医疗供给方的角度分析新型农村合作医疗制度应如何控制医疗费用。分析表明,我国医疗供给方失去有效的监管,医疗服务价格存在不断上涨的趋势,而目前我国新型农村合作医疗可能促进了农村医疗费用的上涨;通过比较国外发达国家医疗保障制度中医疗供给方的控制方法,提出了我国加强医疗供给方控制的政策建议。     

双参考价格范围的价格判断试验研究

传统的价格判断模型考虑常规目标价格状态的判断,然而在不规范的市场中,商品良莠不齐,消费者常常面对超低的商品价格,按照传统的价格判断模型,消费者不会接受这种超低价,然而现实情况却不是如此。消费者为什么接受了怀疑的交易,面对超低价格,消费者如何判断价格的吸引力?笔者将对传统价格模型进行扩展,通过试验验证新的价格判断模型,用以解释以上问题。     

自然资源的定价理论和定价方法研究

本文依据马克思主义的经济理论从自然资源的垄断条件，自然资源所处地理位置，国家、集体或个人对自然资源的基本建设投资，自然资源的耗减等方面研究自然资源的定价理论和定价方法。     

改革开放30年我国区域创新体系的演化分析

在介绍区域创新体系的内涵的基础上,着重分析了改革开放30年我国区域创新体系演化的历程,并从区域创新体系演化动力的角度对其演化的原因进行了分析,最后总结了我国区域创新体系演化过程中的经验.并对进一步完善我国区域创新体系提出了有益的启示.     

我国城市工业地价影响因素及力度的计量分析

地价是经济学中的重要课题,它是都市的语言,是都市的环境与功能的综合值。用计量经济学的方法,分供求二方取人口、经济、区位、政府行为等四大板块中的基本要素对我国工业地价的相关性与影响力度进行探讨。从相关性看：城市设施因素与工业地价相关性较弱;大区位因素与工业地价相关性较强。房产税额、耕地占用税额、本年购置的土地面积等政府行为因素与工业地价相关性较强;余者与工业地价相关性较弱。从影响力度看：工业地价对经济、政府行为、区位因素的弹性系数总体呈现一种矛盾、混乱的特征,佐证了中国工业地价违背客观规律性的现象。剔除其混乱因素,仍可看出大区位因素对工业地价影响的力度要大于经济因素,土地类税额对工业地价影响的力度微乎其微;反映了地方政府在工业化过程中对土地的掠夺性开发利用。     

On ‘Informationally Robust Equilibria’ for Bimatrix Games

Informationally robust equilibria (IRE) are introduced in Robson (Games Econ Behav 7: 233–245, 1994) as a refinement of Nash equilibria for strategic games. Such equilibria are limits of a sequence of (subgame perfect) Nash equilibria in perturbed games where with small probability information about the strategic behavior is revealed to other players (information leakage). Focusing on bimatrix games, we consider a type of informationally robust equilibria and derive a number of properties they form a non-empty and closed subset of the Nash equilibria. Moreover, IRE is a strict concept in the sense that the IRE are independent of the exact sequence of probabilities with which information is leaked. The set of IRE, like the set of Nash equilibria, is the finite union of polytopes. In potential games, there is an IRE in pure strategies. In zero-sum games, the set of IRE has a product structure and its elements can be computed efficiently by using linear programming. We also discuss extensions to games with infinite strategy spaces and more than two players. The authors would like to thank Marieke Quant for her helpful comments.     

The probability approach to general equilibrium with production

We develop an alternative approach to the general equilibrium analysis of a stochastic production economy when firms’ choices of investment influence the probability distributions of their output. Using a normative approach we derive the criterion that a firm should maximize to obtain a Pareto optimal equilibrium: the criterion expresses the firm’s contribution to the expected social utility of output, and is not the linear criterion of market value. If firms do not know agents utility functions, and are restricted to using the information conveyed by prices then they can construct an approximate criterion which leads to a second-best choice of investment which, in examples, is found to be close to the first best. We are grateful to participants in the 2006 Public Economic Theory Conference, Hanoi, the 2007 CARESS/COWLES workshop on General Equilibrium at Yale University, the 2007 SAET Conference at Kos, Greece, the NSF/NBER 2007 Conference on General Equilibrium at Northwestern University, and seminars at Rice University, the University of Southern California, Indiana University, and U.C. Davis for helpful comments. We particularly thank Jacques Drèze and David Cass for stimulating discussions, and a referee for helpful suggestions for improving the paper.     

公平、和谐、秩序与协调——自然法则中的整体性均衡思想及其启示

越是古老的思想越是简约而深奥,借助自然法则表现出来的"公平"、"和谐"、"秩序"、"协调"等早期社会思想都带有"整体性"特征.它不仅培育了古典经济学,从中还可以梳理均衡思想的演进历程,为静态均衡思想提供了反思的依据.社会经济中存在着多种均衡机制,它们之间的相互联系与作用构威"整体性";"冲突一依存一秩序",以及各种均衡之间的相互摩擦与适应正是整体性均衡的实现机制.这启示我们在各种社会矛盾中进行"两难选择"和相权协调.     

住房空置率对住宅价格的影响分析

住房空置率一直是房地产业所关注的问题,在对住房空置率进行学术界定和对我国现阶段住房空置率实际状况进行分析的基础上,结合交易价格对均衡价格的换算理论,对住房空置率与房地产价格的影响进行量化分析,提出政府可通过完善房地产市场信息披露制度、完善土地供应机制和引导房地产业的投资结构,企业提高开发质量来控制住房空置率。