Structural Break,Indivisibilities and Input–Output Analysis

This paper sets up and analyses a model of structural break in the framework of input–output (IO) analysis. The idea of structural break is formalized in terms of an IO model where each commodity can be produced by two alternative technologies; one of which is subjected to technologically specified indivisibility in its level of operation. The analysis of the model consists of suggesting an iterative procedure for computing its solution and developing a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of solutions. Some results have also been derived on the question of uniqueness of a solution.     

Comparison of Input–Output,Input–Output + Econometric and Computable General Equilibrium Impact Models at the Regional Level

Economic impact studies are a common practice—indeed, a necessary prerequisite in many cases of project development—in Australia. Although input–output (IO) is still regarded as the ‘bread-and-butter’ model for these types of study, attention in recent years has turned towards more sophisticated models, the main contenders being integrated IO + econometric and computable general equilibrium models. All these models, which are often promoted as substitutes, exhibit characteristics which are theoretically and empirically appealing, yet questions have been raised with respect to the different approaches, with apparently little awareness at the practitioner level as to the extent of these differences. This paper compares the three models and demonstrates that the differences can be quite substantial, even when the models rely on the same database and are subjected to the same impact scenario.     

Price Discrimination in Input–Output

Modern economies are characterized by a great variety of pricing rules. Therefore, the commodities' prices and the primay factors' prices are discriminated in reality. However, in practical input–output tables, as well as in theoy, the prices are uniform and relative. In this work, an input–output model is described with absolute and different prices for final uses commodities and production's primay factors (wages, profits, etc.). In this case, the economic relationships are based on the commodities' demand curves for all the categories of final uses, and the factors' supply curves for all production's branches. In this way, we can establish the linkage and the feedback between factors' prices and quantities, and final uses commodities' prices and quantities. This is obtained by a novel interpretation of input–output, which approximates reality better.     

要素市场扭曲、区域差异与R&D投入

本文利用要素市场扭曲指数及中国高技术产业1997～2009年省际面板数据,考察了要素市场扭曲对R&D投入的影响及区域差异。结果表明,要素市场扭曲对R&D资本投入和R&D人力投入有着不同的影响,抑制了R&D资本投入增长,促进了R&D人力投入;而且其对两者的影响都存在着显著的区域差异。在此基础上,运用门槛检验方法对这种区域差异的影响因素进行了探讨,研究发现,在区域经济发展水平、人力资本水平、财政收入、产权结构和对外开放程度等因素的不同门槛值区间,要素市场扭曲对高技术产业R&D投入的影响程度和方向都存在着明显的差异。     

Input,Output, and Environmental Management Productivity: Effects on Firm Performance

Firms invest considerable resources to control any of their operations that may have environmental impacts in an attempt to reduce such impacts but also generate economic value. Various studies of the basic creation or destruction of monetary value through environmental performance offer contradictory evidence. Therefore, the present study proposes a new definition of environmental management as the transformation of inputs (resources assigned) into outputs (valuable results). Both inputs and outputs should be taken into account to explain financial outcomes; further consideration should also include a third aspect, namely, ‘environmental management productivity’, which describes the relationship between the outputs and inputs of environmental management. Empirical analyses of Spanish firms with a certified environmental management system subject to the European Union's CO₂ emissions trading system provide evidence that all three aspects must be considered in combination to achieve a more comprehensive view of the impact of environmental management on financial performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

Non-Market Services in Input–Output Analysis

Based on an Input–Output framework, the first part of the paper presents methodological problems of quantifying non-market services. Considering the static Input–Output table we extended the matrix of technological coefficients by some sectors of unpaid public goods. With the aid of a new intepretation of intersectoral flows measured by single elements of input and by quantifying structural effects of non-market services in interrelations with market goods and services an assessment of the output of non-market services can be given. Using the dynamic Leontief model for analysing non-market services in macroeconomics our model turned out to be Ljapunov-stable. But in spite of this general stability the system covering an economically suitable period was practically unstable. In the second part structural effects of non-market services according to both static and dynamic Input–Output models with an estimated data basis of the GDR economy are discussed.     

Introduction: Invention Input–Output Analysis

The papers in this issue are directed towards the development of invention input–output (I(IO)) coefficients. They discuss the procedures for creating I(IO) coefficients using the Yale Technology Concordance, which assigns patented inventions to the industry of manufacture and sector of use, utilizing the International Patent Class system. Tests of reliability of the I(Io) coefficients and their use in economic studies are reported.     

同时面向投入和面向产出的一种数据包络分析（DEA）模型

本文应用多目标优化和模糊集合理论建立了一种新的数据包络分析（DEA）模型。应用这种DEA模型可以分析决策单元同时面向投入和面向产出时的相对有效性。     

Input Market Competition and the Make-or-Buy Decision

Recent theories of vertical integration based on incomplete contracts assume perfect competition on at least one side of the market. As a result, the make-or-buy choice has no redistributive effect and will reflect efficiency considerations only. This paper introduces imperfect competition into an otherwise standard model of a vertical relationship with noncontractable specific investments. We assume that there are a finite number of potential input suppliers with private information about their costs. We first show that a monopoly buyer of such inputs will often prefer to own the seller's assets even though it would be more efficient for the seller's assets not to be so owned. We then show that an increase in the number of potential partners on either side of the market reduces this inclination towards vertical integration. With perfect competition on either side of the market, the make-buy decision will reflect only efficiency considerations.     

A Note on Qualitative Input–Output Analysis

The paper discusses qualitative input–output methods. It is shown that information is lost. Because the binary relationship constructed by qualitative methods is not transitive, the model lacks economic consistency. Qualitative methods are tending to become more sophisticated, but some problems of economic interpretation are raised.     

New Methods of Updating Input–Output Matrices

The paper describes several new methods of updating Input–Output matrices. The deficiency of the conventional methods of updating these matrices is that they do not make much use of the commonly available interindustry data and thus exhaust only a small number of the available degrees of freedom. The updating methods described here are based on consistency relationships derived from the Leontief output and price systems. Thereby these methods bring substantially more interindustry data to bear on the updating process, and consequently give rise to better Input–Output coefficient estimates.     

投入产出模型的合并偏差问题研究

本文探讨合并偏差的理论性质,指出合并程度不能作为衡量合并偏差幅度的合理标尺,在辨析不同偏差度量方式及其合理性的基础上,分别从产业关联效应和综合度量角度实证研究合并偏差的量化特征。结果发现,产业关联效应标准下,合并偏差的总体幅度取决于被合并产业的异质度和要素重要度,其局部分布则取决于与被合并产业的相关程度;综合度量标准下,综合异质度能够很好地解释综合偏差度,但也不排除存在其他次要影响因素。     

The Extraction of Technical Coefficients from Input and Output Data

Presumably, input-output coefficients reflect technology, and these coefficients measure the input requirements per unit of product. This concept has been extended to consumption theory, where it models expenditure shares. Input-output coefficients are extracted from the national accounts of an economy, by taking average proportions between inputs and outputs. Since the latter represent all sorts of inefficiencies, this practice blurs the measurement of technology. Input requirements are better measured by minimal proportions between inputs and outputs. This approach separates the measurement of technology from that of productive efficiency.     

Input–Output Models with Stochastic Matrices and Time Lags

In this paper, the random balanced growth factor to forward-lag-type and mixed-lag-type input–output (IO) models is considered. The instability of IO and capital matrices is taken into account by stochastic methods. Exact and approximate characteris-tics of stochastic solutions are given.     

Aggregation in Input–Output Models: Prices and Quantities

This paper develops a joint theory of aggregation of input–output quantity and price models. The main emphasis is on the problem of aggregation of industries in the models. While aggregation of quantity models is a familiar topic in economic literature, the aggregation of price models is a largely unexplored subject. Here, however, quantity and price models are considered as two parts of a single, composite flow model. This understanding implies that each result in the quantity model has dual counterpart in the price model and vice versa. Through consistent use of this duality principle, significant results are developed for both model types, and a number of well-known results can be stated in a simpler way. Specifically, a number of conditions for perfect aggregation of final demands, primary inputs and industries in price models as well as quantity models are formulated. On this basis a new indicator of aggregation bias is suggested. The indicator can be decomposed into the contributions of each detailed industry, enabling the user to identify atypical industries in each group. Furthermore, the indicator can be computed even with no knowledge of the coefficients of the detailed models.     

科技投入与产出的计量研究

本文考虑在生产函数的投入向量中引和科技投入变量T，从而得到y=f（L，K，T）形式的生产函数。这一形式的生产函数不仅在理论上是合理的，更为重要的是，对它可以采用横截面数据来进行参数估计，从而避免采用时间序列数据可能出现的价格波动对估计的影响。本文并采用上海的数据作为一个案例，对上述设想进行实证的探讨。     

Hypothesis of Price Formation in Input–Output Tables

The goal of this paper is to check if different theoretical approaches to price formation can be verified in the structure of empirical input–output tables. From a propositive point of view, the hypothesis is made of two different markets (the ‘industrial’ market of intermediate and investment goods; and the ‘commercial’ market of final consumption goods), with two different mechanisms of price formation. The consequences of this hypothesis are outlined as regards deflation procedures. An empirical test of the theories about price formation and of the method of deflation suggested by the two-market hypothesis is made using 1985 Italian input–output tables at 1980 prices.