试论非正规就业对完善城市社会保障制度的影响

经济转型期间,我国城市劳动力市场处于分割状态,城市存在正规和非正规两大部门,非正规就业因此产生.由于体制性原因和经济性原因,非正规就业在我国将长期存在.但是,非正规就业者的社会保障权益却普遍缺失.从多方面分析了在城市劳动力市场长期分割的背景下,非正规就业对完善城市社会保障制度的影响.     

探析我国非正规就业产生的原因

改革开放以来,非正规就业在我国得到了迅速发展,究其发展的主要原因有我国所有制结构的调整,劳动力市场的二元分割,科技进步的影响。发展的原因证明了非正规就业是我国就业发展的必然趋势,所以应从社会保障、税收、法律等方面引导非正规就业的良性发展。     

经济学视角下的大学生非正规就业问题分析

当前,政府部门、国有企业、私营企业、个体工商户和集体企业中的非正规岗位是毕业生非正规就业存在的主体。从资本劳动替代性来看,当正规就业市场中资本劳动替代弹性愈来愈大时,大学生正规就业市场的就业弹性就会变小,其吸纳新增大学生劳动力的数量就会下降,相应毕业生进入非正规就业市场的人数也愈来愈多,进而造成大学生非正规就业的供给持续增加,最终导致大学毕业生非正规就业规模的持续扩大。     

非正规就业的发展现状及发展路径

在转轨时期劳动力流动、就业问题日益严重和人口老龄化背景下的产物,非正规就业因具有就业准入低、劳动力容纳力大、机制运作灵活性等特点,成为许多新增劳动力选择的就业渠道之一,适应经济发展多样性的需要。但其发展不可避免地对体制改革提出更高的要求,尤其是就业方式的灵活性与社会保障有着千丝万缕的联系,如何满足就业灵活性和保障性相统一,成为了非正规就业发展的重要课题。由此从非正规就业的理论及概念出发,概述中国灵活就业人口社会保障的现状,对未来的发展路径提供参考。     

农村非正规金融发展的减贫效应分析-来自省级面板数据的经验证据

本文利用2005-2011年省级面板数据,基于固定效应模型研究了我国农村非正规金融发展是否具有减贫效应。研究表明,随着控制变量正规金融、财政支农、受教育程度、农村劳动力就业水平、固定资产投资的逐一加入,我国农村非正规金融的减贫效应并不稳定且容易受到其他因素的影响,而我国农村正规金融的减贫效应是显著的。可见,农村正规金融有利于减轻我国农村贫困,应该大力推动我国农村正规金融的发展。     

促进就业税收政策的国际经验与完善建议

就业问题是我国经济发展中的长期问题，从税收的角度看，我国的税收政策还存在制约就业的因素，因此可以借鉴国际经验完善我国的税收政策以促进就业。具体可以在促进第三产业发展，促进“非正规就业”、中小企业发展、劳动力供给数量和质量等方面制定相应税收政策，同时考虑开征社会保障税以鼓励劳动力资源的合理流动。     

城市正规就业与非正规就业收入差距及影响因素贡献——基于收入不平等的分解

本文使用CHNS 1997-2006的调查数据实证研究了城镇正规就业与非正规就业之间的收入差距及影响因素。收入不平等分解结果表明,正规就业与非正规就业之间存在显著的工资收入差距,但随着经济发展和劳动力市场供求的转变,两类就业者由于就业类别差异导致的"收入差异"呈缩减的趋势;受教育水平和工作经验等人力资本特征是两类就业者决定工资的主要影响因素,也是他们之间工资收入差距变化的主要贡献因素。     

正规就业与非正规就业工资差异的实证研究——分位数回归的视角

基于CGSS数据,本文利用分位数回归方法对中国正规就业与非正规就业的工资差异进行估计并对工资差异分解分析,发现正规就业工资水平显著高于非正规就业,在三个代表性分位数上正规就业的教育收益率均高于非正规就业,同时两种就业方式的教育收益率随工资分位数水平由低到高而呈现先升后降的趋势.相比于正规就业,非正规就业的性别歧视更为严重并随着工资分位数水平由低到高而愈强.工资差异分解表明市场歧视造成的差异占总差异的比例显著高于特征差异.     

城市化与非正规就业

城市化与工业化的不一致会造成失业等社会问题.而非正规就业做为一种就业形势,弥补了工业化不能提供足够的就业岗位的不足,为生存在二元结构夹缝中的农民工提供了城市生存平台.所以发展非正规经济,是加速城市化进程、促进农村劳动力转移、以工促农和统筹城乡发展的有效途径.     

代际转移视角下高校就业群体所面临的非正规就业困境研究

目前，中国传统主流的正规就业模式日益被正规就业与非正规就业的二元化就业模式所取代。代际转移效应作为高校毕业群体非正规就业的驱动力量，是造成该群体一系列职业困境、心理困境的重要原因。社会发展出现代际转移是不可避免的，井且在这一过程中社会关系和社会资源实现了传承和累积，该模式向高学历知识阶层的蔓延和深化。因此，高校毕业生应拥有对非正规就业模式的客观全面认识，在看到它缺陷和不足时还要注意它的优势；又应对非正规就业行业提出改进的要求，要把“不正规”和“不稳定”的隐患降到最低，让就业者在这一就业过程中实现贡献最大化和自身效益最大化，这也是时代发展的要求。     

中国非正规部门指数的设计与测算——兼论非正规部门与经济增长关系

文章基于2008版国民经济核算体系新框架,利用统计指数理论和综合评价技术从投资、消费、就业、金融四个方面设计并测算我国非正规部门指数。在此基础上,探讨了非正规部门与经济增长的内在联系。研究结果显示,我国非正规部门年均增长快于同期经济增长;非正规部门的"低抗风险性、低政府规制"的特征增加了非正规部门增长的不稳定性;非正规部门与经济增长之间存在协整关系,不论从长期还是短期看,当期非正规部门与经济增长均存在正向关系,但影响程度较弱。     

Informal employment in service industries: estimations from nationally representative Labour Force Survey data of Russian Federation

ABSTRACT

As the largest post-Soviet transition economy with substantial labour immigration and a considerable informal-sector Russia serves as an interesting case to study informal employment in the service and non-service economic sectors. The study fills the gap of the lack of empirical papers grounded on the reliable massive individual data. This article discusses almost twenty years’ dynamics of informal employment rates within the service and non-service industries based on the nationally representative Labour Force Survey primary data, collected quarterly for 2010–2015 with a sample size of about 200 thousand respondents per quarter. The unexpected finding is that the rate of informal employment is higher in non-service economic activities. Informal workers in the service sector in Russia are typically male, not very young, without tertiary education, living in urban areas. The paper also provides a comparative regression analysis on the probability of being informally employed in the service and non-service sectors.     

Safety of motorized two-wheeler riders in the formal and informal transport sector

Abstract

Road fatalities are largely preventable problem with large socioeconomic impact. Due to the rapidly increasing population, transport systems and road infrastructure have not met the demand. The use of motorized two-wheeler vehicles has increased, as informal transport. However, evidence on their safety is scarce. The aim of this article is to examine the safety and social equity issues in MTW in the informal transport sector. Factors can be used to explain traffic collisions in MTW in the formal/informal transport sectors: design, rider behavior, road design, enforcement, and regulation of the informal transport sector. Evidence suggests that MTWs could be a common related to pedestrian fatalities. Informal transport drivers are typically poor, uneducated, young men who due to lack of other employment options move into the informal sector. Their vehicles are old, unmaintained and have a lack of protective equipment for themselves and their passengers. Young, male drivers speed, take risks and not use protective equipment. Users of informal transport live in the poorer peripheries of cities, which, have limited, inefficient or unaffordable public transport. The provision of transport has therefore become an often unrecognized, important social equity issue and studies are urgently needed on MTW in the informal transport sector.     

Financial services spillover effects on informal economic activity: evidence from a panel of 20 European countries

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate the spillover effects of the financial services sector development on the size of informal economic activity in the case of the European Union (EU) countries. The results from panel data analysis show that there exists an inverted U-shaped relationship between financial services and informal economic activity in the EU; that is, at the initial levels of the financial development, the reaction of informal economic activity is positive while it becomes negative at the further stages of the financial development in the EU. Thus, this study finds that financial services sector is a major contributor to changes in the volume of informal economic activity in the EU countries.     

Barriers to the Formalization of Economic Activity and Marketing Solutions for Developing Economies

ABSTRACT

This research investigated barriers to the formalization of economic activity that was generally untaxed and unmeasured, referred to as informal economic activity, in an emerging economy. Nepal was selected as the country for study because it presents a case of a market undergoing economic and political liberalization. The paper presents background information on the economy of Nepal, the conduct of the fieldwork in Nepal, perspectives on informal economic activity, and the necessity of harnessing this activity. This is followed by research dealing with the informal economy and perceptions of the barriers to integration based on fieldwork in Nepal. Suggestions to harness this activity are offered. The results of this study may provide insights into the formulation of public policy and social marketing initiatives for addressing informal sector development in emerging markets.     

Navigating wasta in business practices in Lebanon

Faced with severe social, political, and economic challenges, Lebanon is described as a weak state. Argued to be a key factor weakening the formal institutions there, is the prevalent practice of wasta. This article seeks to answer two questions: (1) Why is wasta prevalent in a business environment characterised by weak formal institutions, such as Lebanon? (2) How can managers navigate the use of wasta in the Lebanese business context where it prevails, avoiding its negative outcomes while utilizing its positive outcomes? Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted of managers from the Lebanese industrial sector. The findings highlight that wasta is used due to the networked nature of Lebanese society, economic hardship, widespread corruption and to maintain power. It was found that wasta could be beneficial in securing jobs, removing red tape, and gaining employment for humanitarian reasons. Finally, the negative outcomes of using wasta were found to include the employment of unqualified individuals, a reduction of organizations' productivity and a further weakening of formal institutions.     

Determinants of Russia's Informal Economy: The Impact of Corruption and Multinational Firms

Based on the electricity consumption approach, this study examined empirically (among other determinants) the impact of corruption and multinational firms (MNEs) on the relative size of the informal economy in Russia's regions in 1995–2012. Strong evidence is provided of the positive effect of corruption on the informal regional economies. The significant role of MNEs and regulation in curbing informal activities is revealed. A larger informal economic sector is observed in regions with a higher number of local firms and unemployment. An integrated strategy of dealing with corruption and informal businesses is suggested to be more effective in reducing informal practices.     

Micro-Entrepreneurship in Niger: Factors Affecting the Success of Women Street Food Vendors

Micro-entrepreneurship in the informal sector plays a vital role in generating employment and income in West Africa. In this article, the authors examine business success factors for micro-entrepreneurs involved in the production and sale of street foods in Niger, drawing on the resource-based view theory. Business success was measured by size of firm and vendor's perception of enterprise growth. Their results indicate that business experience is an important success factor, while the need for cash is a constraint for business success. A rare resource, limited access to financial assets translates into limited opportunities for growth of these informal micro-enterprises into viable businesses.     

Trade liberalization,production organization and informal sector of the developing countries

The paper provides an explanation of recent empirical evidence on fragmentation and the expansion of the informal sector in India. We argue that as the prospect of getting a better price in the international market increases, the producers in the formal sector act more like merchants and subcontract production activities to the producers in the informal sectors. Expanding production in the informal sector allows the firm to take advantage of a growing export market. Our theoretical model explains such organizational change in terms of allocation of monitoring effort between marketing and production. The existence of a low-wage informal sector facilitates division of labor and specialization in the formal segment.