Predatory Pricing and the Speed of Antitrust Enforcement

A common complaint is that in certain industries antitrust action against predation istoo slow to ensure that a true victim can survive until the antitrust process has beenconcluded. This paper discusses, in the context of two recent antitrust cases, the sources of delay in the antitrust process, and different policy reforms aimed at speeding up the process or otherwise protecting a true victim.     

美国现行反垄断法对软件产业的适用性探析--以搭售和掠夺性定价为例

本文对软件产业的搭售与掠夺性定价行为进行了法律和经济分析。在美国现行的反垄断法体系中，这是属于典型的滥用市场势力的两种行为。但在软件产业却不能凭借传统标准简单地把这两种行为归结为垄断行为，而应从产业本身的特点和竞争环境出发谨慎对待。如一味运用美国现行的反垄断法惩罚软件产业正当的竞争行为，只会从更大程度上抑制竞争，损害消费者福利。在网络经济条件下，反垄断法应该顺应经济和技术的     

对我国石油价格形成机制改革的建议

近年来我国确立了国内油价与国际油价变化相适应、在政府调控下以市场形成价格为主的石油价格形成机制。但是,国际油价形成机制的特殊性,决定了期货投机对石油价格的波动有很大影响。在石油进口量迅速增加的情况下,只有建立合理有效的进口石油的价格形成机制,才可能摆脱国内油价单纯“追踪”国际市场油价的状况。为此,我们需要努力探索用市场的手段来抵御市场风险的办法,其中一个重要思路就是建立市场化的风险采购方式。风险采购下的价格形成机制应是一种组合战略,现阶段可考虑采用听证会基础上的政府主导定价方式或者通过期货交易方式的运用来确定价格。不论采取何种定价方式,国内油价形成机制都必须从单纯被动的价格接轨向与国际油价形成机制相适应、维护合理油价的方向转变。     

国外石油管道运输价格体系研究

对美国、俄罗斯和加拿大石油管输价格体系的研究表明,这些国家对管输运价采用的指数法、投资利润率法、协商法等计算方法都是以成本为基础,而价格反映价值是制定管输运价体系的重要理论基础.在管输成本确定上,目前国际上普遍以现实的或历史的成本为基础;在投资收益确定上,以管输企业取得合理投资收益为前提.为了引导石油管道投资,完善石油管道结构,促进石油管道业发展,满足国民经济和社会发展的需要,我国应按照"合理成本、合理利润、依法计税、公平负担"的原则制定输油管道运价,建立公平合理的管输价格机制.     

Standard Oil as a Technological Innovator

A century ago, in 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its path-breaking decision in the monopolization case against the Standard Oil Companies. Standard pleaded inter alia that its near-monopoly position was the result of superior innovation, citing in particular the Frasch-Burton process for refining the high-sulfur oil found around Lima, Ohio. This paper examines the role of Hermann Frasch in inventing and developing the desulfurization process, showing that Standard failed to recognize his inventive genius when he was its employee and purchased his rights and services only after he had applied it in his own Canadian company.     

The Death of a Market: Standard Oil and the Demise of 19th Century Crude Oil Exchanges

Review of Industrial Organization - From the mid-1870s through 1895, a commoditiesmarket in oil existed. Although its organizationwas primitive, it offered the varieties of commoditycontracts...     

中国上海燃料油期货定价模型研究

采用协整理论及基于VAR的Grange因果关系检验与冲击反应函数方法对中国上海期货交易所燃料油期货价格作建模分析。单位根检验显示，选取的样本序列均为I（1）。Granger因果关系检验显示：美原油期货价格，新加坡180燃料油现货价格变量为燃料油期价的Granger原因；上海燃料油期货价格是黄埔现货价格的单向的Granger原因，期货价格对现货价格具有发现作用。最终作出的长期协整方程显示：美原油期货价格，新加坡180燃料油现货价格、欧元汇率与上海燃料油现货价构成长期显著的均衡关系。美原油期货价格对沪燃料油期价的弹性为0．85；新加坡180燃料油现货价格对沪燃料油期价的弹性为0．78；欧元汇率对沪燃料油期价的弹性为1．04。从最终建立动态模型来看，模型有较好的拟合及预测精度。因此，该模型对沪燃料油期价风险控制具有较好的参考作用。     

Predatory pricing and foreclosure in telecommunications

The growing worldwide trend towards deregulation in the telecommunications industry is raising concerns about anticompetitive behaviour by the dominant carriers. This article reviews some of these concerns and gives examples of alleged anticompetitive behaviour by Canadian carriers. The author assesses the conditions under which predatory activities and foreclosure are likely to occur, and concludes that they may be made even more likely by regulation. He offers an evaluation of some alternative policy approaches.     

Of Rebates and Drawbacks: The Standard Oil (N.J.) Company and the Railroads

Standard Oil formed the South Improvement Company in the fall of 1871, supposedly to negotiate “secret” discounts on published railroad tariffs and place independent refiners at a transportation cost disadvantage. We argue that discriminatory railway rates were common both before and after Standard Oil’s founding in 1870, played little or no part in its rise to prominence and were not necessarily even illegal. Rebates and drawbacks were in fact ways of sharing the efficiency gains that flowed from the dependable high-volume rail traffic Rockefeller was able to guarantee as well as from other investments that he undertook that lowered the railroads’ costs.     

海上作业安全评价标准及其现场应用

海上修井作业施工,不仅面临风、浪、潮等自然环境的危害,还面临队伍资质、人员素质等诸多方面的考验。海上作业队伍,不仅要取得海上作业的相关资质,还要求涉海作业的设备能力、应急物资贮备、救济抢险及人员素质等符合规定。通过严格贯彻落实海上作业的安全标准,确保海上施工作业的安全可靠。     

管理的修辞与事实

解释了管理中＂修辞＂与＂事实＂的含义,分析了企业管理活动中修辞与事实不符的原因,论述了如何通过循证管理正确区分管理理论领域的修辞与事实,探讨了循证管理难以实施的原因,指出了实施循证管理的必要性。     

新国标对石化污水中油类测定的影响

采用红外分光光度法测定水中油类,通过与四氯化碳对比,得出以下结论:采用的四氯乙烯满足对吸光度的要求,标准曲线线性相关系数为0.9998,新标准采用的四氯乙烯加标回收率较旧标准略低,萃取宜采用自动萃取器,减小乳化现象。对于低浓度石化污水样品,测定结果存在较大的误差。     

标准管理系统在普光采气厂的开发与应用

介绍了普光采气厂标准管理信息系统的建立、原理和内容,同时对应用效果进行了分析。该信息系统实现了标准的在线查询,解决了标准管理和生产中的实际问题,获得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

石油行业标准《检波器测试仪校准方法》的修订

分析了原有关检波器测试仪技术标准中存在的主要问题,即标准中规定的部分技术要求超出了物探工作范围,并在6个方面对新旧标准加以比较。     

制定石油地震勘探补偿国家标准的重要性

石油地震勘探是采用人工地震方法进行地下地质构造调查和探明石油储量的一种重要手段。它主要采取的方法是在地下一定深度进行爆破产生地震波 ,用高精度地震仪器接收地震波 ,通过对地震波变化的研究 ,调查地下地质构造并探明石油储量。尽管是运用炸药爆破方式进行勘探 ,但在有效的控制之下 ,对环境造成的影响较小。然而爆破产生的声音和震动 ,在距离人们生活、生产很近的地方 ,还是具有一定影响 ,这就是存在地震勘探施工补偿的原因。至今地震勘探施工补偿还没有制定国家标准。随着社会的发展、自然环境的变化以及地震勘探方法的改进 ,施工补…     

SEC标准油气储量评估的常用方法及其影响因素分析

美国证券交易委员会（SEC）标准的油气剩余经济可采储量概念和评估方法是当前上市公司最常用的对剩余经济可采储量及其价值进行定量评估的方法。该方法分析了剩余经济可采储量与经济参数（油气价格,操作成本）和油藏参数（初始产量和递减率）的定量关系,给出了由经济参数,油藏参数的变化预测剩余经济可采储量变化的近似公式,并绘制了剩余经济可采储量敏感性分析的适用图版。从剩余经济可采储量定量评估关系式可以看出：一个油田的剩余经济可采储量取决于两个方面：一是与油藏的产量水平有关,若安始产量较高或递减率较缓,则经济年限内的年产量也较高,即剩余经济可采储量较大;二是与经济参数有关,若经济极限产量较低,则经济开采年限较长,所以剩余经济可采储量较大。     

Mortgage Pricing: Some Provisional Empirical Results

We test some of the qualitative properties of mortgage pricing models. The models use option pricing techniques, focusing on prepayment as a call option. They imply a quite nonlinear relationship between mortgage price and coupon, interest rates and volatility. We test for both the first and second derivatives of the effects of these variables using data on Ginnie Mae mortgage backed securities. We find that the model is largely supported by the data.