Compensation for illiquidity in China: Evidence from an alternative measure

This paper shows that liquidity is an important source of priced risk in China. Using A-share stocks in Shanghai and Shenzhen Exchange over the period 2007–2017, we examine the influence of liquidity on stock returns. A new liquidity measure that captures multiple dimensions of liquidity is proposed. Fama-Macbeth cross-sectional regression shows that the expected return is negatively correlated with liquidity. Based on Fama and French (1993), we propose a five-factor pricing model by incorporating reversal factor and liquidity factor. Time-series regressions show that the liquidity factor makes significantly marginal contributions to explaining excess stock returns. The liquidity factor based on the proposed measure works better than alternative liquidity measures such as turnover, Amihud illiquidity measure and the measure in Liu (2006).     

Liquidity provisions by individual investor trading prior to dividend announcements: Evidence from Taiwan

This paper investigates the role of liquidity provisions played by individual investors prior to dividend announcements in Taiwan. We first document a positive relationship between aggregate individual trading before dividend announcements and abnormal stock returns in the one month after the events. We find that this positive relationship varies with liquidity. We then decompose the abnormal returns following the event into information and liquidity provision components. The information component is not significant at all, but the liquidity component is positively significant, which shows that it is individual investors’ provisions of liquidity to institutional investors prior to dividend announcements that drives the positive relationship between pre-event individual trading and post-event returns.     

Economic policy uncertainty and illiquidity return premium

In this study, we examine the relation between the price of liquidity, or illiquidity return premium, and the economic policy uncertainty (EPU). On average, an illiquid portfolio earns a 0.597% higher monthly return than a liquid portfolio. The results further show that the EPU index has a positive relationship with the illiquidity return premium. This indicates that investors require higher compensation for holding illiquid stocks when there is a higher economic uncertainty. We also show that EPU affects the illiquidity return premium through the market illiquidity channel. The rise of EPU could increase the risk of illiquid stocks and make investors more risk-averse, thereby requiring higher compensation for illiquidity. Finally, it is found that the relationship between EPU and the illiquidity return premium is stronger when market liquidity is impaired and during crises.     

Default-risky bond prices with jumps,liquidity risk and incomplete information

This paper provides a default-risky bond valuation model, which assumes that the issuer’s credit quality, modelled by the intensity of default, is driven by a continuous-time Markov chain. The model accounts for default and liquidity risk as well as incomplete information. A full-information semimartingale representation of a liquid defaultable bond price, which separates three different types of risks—default, interest-rate and credit-quality, is obtained. The illiquidity is modelled as exogenously specified stochastic reduction in the price of the bond, which adds more risks for the investors. A model of a market with partially informed investors, belonging to specific investor classes and having access to discrete information sets about credit quality, was specified. Valuations of defaultable bonds in this market were provided as well as price impacts of the new information releases.      

基于流动性调整CAViaR模型的风险度量方法

本文提出了流动性风险度量的一个新的方法,流动性调整的CAViaR模型。该模型能够直接反映资产流动性的变动对未来风险的影响,并在此基础上计算资产未来经过流动性调整的风险VaR,从而使投资者能够更好地管理风险,尤其是流动性风险。实证研究表明,该模型能够较好地刻画中国股市流动性风险的动态变化特征;并且发现股票流动性的大幅下降通常导致未来风险明显加大,且正向流动性下降所带来的风险往往较负向流动性要更大,因此更值得投资者关注。     

On illiquidity of an emerging sovereign bond market

This study offers an analysis of a sovereign bond market in an emerging country, Turkey, and its illiquidity. We employ the Nelson-Siegel model to generate a term structure for interest rates directly from daily bond price quotes in the Turkish market. We take the noise measure, which is the byproduct of term structure estimation, as a proxy for market-wide illiquidity. Our results show that this noise measure can capture the illiquidity in the Turkish fixed-income market from global financial turbulence as well as local dynamics. Inflation uncertainty and sentiment are the major macro drivers of liquidity crunches. It has also become clear that liquidity in an emerging market such as Turkey in the aftermath of the 2008 crisis has been driven by global forces, however, since 2013 local factors have taken over. This apparent decoupling in liquidity between a major emerging market and global markets followed the approaching end of quantitative easing and a rise in economic turbulence in the country since then.     

Retail investors’ trading and stock market liquidity

The paper investigates the relation between retail investors’ participation in trading and aggregate stock market liquidity. The findings show a positive and significant relation between retail investors’ trading and stock market liquidity. Examination of the determinants of retail investors’ trading reveals that, on average, retail investors with more diversified trading activity tend to trade when liquidity is higher, the frequency of their arrival to the market is not affected by the level of liquidity, and retail investors are willing to trade at a lower liquidity level as sellers than as buyers. Moreover, retail investors’ trading does not create price noise at the aggregate market level. Overall, the evidence suggests that retail investors contribute to market quality.     

Commonality in liquidity among Middle East and North Africa emerging stock markets: Does it really matter?

This study investigates commonality in daily liquidity among 11 emerging stock markets from the Middle East and North Africa from January 2005 to June 2017. First, we test long memory in liquidity in these markets. Second, we select a number of factors eligible to affect liquidity commonality among local, regional and global factors. We find that regional and US factors do not explain liquidity variations in all the markets that exhibit low sensitivity to external factors. Our results are robust to the use of alternative proxies. The analysis in sub-periods confirms our results showing that most markets are not very sensitive to fluctuations and external shocks of liquidity. For international investors, stock markets in the Middle East and North Africa present an opportunity for further diversification, as these markets exhibit weak correlations between them and with the global market with regard to liquidity.     

Priced risk and asymmetric volatility in the cross section of skewness

We investigate the sources of skewness in aggregate risk factors and the cross section of stock returns. In an ICAPM setting with conditional volatility, we find theoretical time series predictions on the relationships among volatility, returns, and skewness for priced risk factors. Market returns resemble these predictions; however, size, book-to-market, and momentum factor returns are not always consistent with our predictions. We find evidence that size and book-to-market may be priced post-crisis but not in the decade before. Momentum does not appear priced by our test. We link aggregate risk and skewness to individual stocks and find empirically that the risk aversion effect manifests in individual stock skewness. Additionally, we find several firm characteristics that explain stock skewness. Smaller firms, value firms, highly levered firms, and firms with poor credit ratings have more positive skewness.     

Investor heterogeneity and commonality in stock return and liquidity

This paper examines how the trading activities of different investor types are related to common return and liquidity movements. Using a unique dataset, we decompose the daily return and liquidity of individual stocks into price impact components attributable to trades of institutional investors and retail investors. We then investigate the variation of each component relative to market-wide return and liquidity. We show that institutional trades contribute more than retail trades to liquidity commonality. However, retail trades contribute more strongly to return co-movement. The incremental contribution of retail trades to the co-variability of stock returns is more pronounced for firms with high information asymmetry.     

流动性的股票特征——基于中国证券市场的经验数据分析

在对流动性内涵认识的基础上,本文提出股票流动性的本质是股票与现金之间相互转化的能力,满足的是投资者正常的交易需求。从流动性的公司规模和成交金额特征、流动性与股价的关系和流动性水平的稳定性三个方面理论探讨和实证检验了流动性的股票特征,研究结果表明：（1）公司规模一定,可实现的成交金额越多,流动性越好;成交金额一定,公司规模越大,流动性越好;（2）股票的价格与股票流动性之间具有显著的正相关关系;（3）流动性水平在一定时期内具有稳定性。     

我国沪深证券市场流动性实证研究

流动性是一个市场的生命力所在。一个流动性好的市场才能很好的满足投资者的交易需求,减少投资者流动性风险是市场应该提供的功能之一。随着我国资本市场的逐步发展和成熟,投资者越来越注意到市场流动性的重要性。如何准确的界定流动性,如何用一系列的指标体系,来衡量一个市场的流动性,是理论界和市场投资者都很关注的问题。国内外对流动性的研究也很多,本文在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,提出了自己对于流动性测量的一种观点,通过建立一个基于收益率和相对交易量基础之上的模型,来探讨关于市场流动性的问题。     

There is no smoke without a fire: The effect of government interventions in less advanced economies

The lack of liquidity in the interbank market during the crisis of 2007–2011 led governments to impose different policies to rescue their countries’ banking sectors. While in advanced countries interventions in the banking sector were mostly related to a lack of liquidity and significant asymmetric information regarding counterparty risk, in many less advanced countries they had a precautionary motive. In our article, we investigate the effectiveness of policy interventions on healthy banking markets, with possible negative spill-over effects from other countries. To this extent, we use an event study methodology to test the effect of liquidity and financial sector policy announcements on interbank spread changes in six Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries over the period between 2007 and 2011. We find that standard liquidity interventions did not provide effective stabilization. In fact, our evidence suggests that the spread widened after their announcement, probably as a result of the negative signal and consequently increased risk aversion of banks. In such situations, regulators should consider policy instruments that aim to decrease uncertainty in the market.     

An examination of the forward prediction error of U.S. dollar exchange rates and how they are related to bid-ask spreads,purchasing power parity disequilibria,and forward premium asymmetry

Using a panel data approach, we find statistically significant evidence that bid-ask spreads and deviations from purchasing power parity (PPP) are related to the forward prediction error of ten major U.S. dollar exchange rates over the post Plaza Accord period. Previous literature suggests that bid-ask spreads proxy for liquidity risk and deviations from PPP are a source of time-varying risk premiums. Additionally, the paper provides evidence that the forward discount bias is asymmetric with respect to the sign of the forward premium as well as to an undervalued and overvalued U.S. dollar.     

中国企业债券特征与风险补偿

利率风险、信用风险、流动性风险是债券市场上常见的风险类型,而债券的特征可以直接或间接地反映这些风险。本文通过分析中国企业债券市场上的债券发行量、已发行时间、债券期限、息票利率、收益率波动性、久期、凸性、到期收益率等债券特征对债券定价的影响,实证检验这些债券特征与债券风险及风险补偿的关系。本文的分析结论认为,这些债券特征显著地影响企业债券的定价,它们与利率风险、信用风险和流动性风险有显著关系,其中对企业债券信用风险的影响最大。流动性风险未被合理定价,低流动性债券未能获得显著的风险补偿。     

投资者结构模式变迁与市场流动性风险

本文研究了市场流动性风险与投资者结构模式之间的关系。随着机构投资者的不断发展壮大,我国投资者结构模式发生了重要转变,然而新的投资者结构模式下,市场流动性的波动结构是否有所不同？本文以流动性水平变化率为研究对象,构建了包含虚拟变量的TGARCH模型对其波动方程进行拟合,研究发现：机构投资者壮大后市场流动性风险显著降低;机构占主导后市场流动性风险受新信息的影响权重较之前增大,而旧有信息对流动性风险的影响相比以前减小。     

Determinants of commonality in liquidity: Evidence from an order-driven emerging market

Using an extensive, time-series, cross-sectional data-set of actively traded Indian stocks with up to 1.75 million firm-day observations, we discern the key determinants of commonality in liquidity among emerging markets. The paper shows evidence for both supply-side and demand-side factors contributing to liquidity commonality. However, the results are more supportive towards supply-side rationale for liquidity commonality among the firms where regulators and banks play an important source of commonality in liquidity, especially during market turmoil. Results are partially driven by the fact that the Indian stick exchange is an order-driven market. Economic activities like cheap exports and undervalued currency, rather than correlated trading by the institutional investors determine the demand for liquidity. These findings endorse the effect of high firm value, market return, liquidity, volatility, turnover, and alternate proxies of commonality in liquidity estimation.     

Liquidity creation and bank profitability

This paper examines the effect of liquidity creation on bank profitability. Using a panel of US banks, we find that liquidity creation is associated with higher profitability. This result holds during normal times and the financial crisis, and for banks of different sizes. When we decompose liquidity creation into its individual components, we find that liability-side and off-balance sheet liquidity creation are positively related to profitability, while asset-side liquidity creation is negatively related to profitability.     

Mispricing in the odd lots market in Brazil

We study the case of mispricing in the odd lots equity market in Brazil. Contrary to expectation, odd lot investors are paying higher prices than round lot investors. The pricing difference between markets is affected by market returns, volatility and spreads. Our main hypothesis is that; once the assets traded in the odd lot market are more illiquid than their counterparts, the mispricing is driven by liquidity factors. Additionally, we show that the mispricing yields an arbitrage opportunity that is not being traded away in the Brazilian market. Therefore, we propose regulators to review the market design for odd lots in Brazil. We argue that reducing the minimal trading unit in the round lots market would benefit investors.     

资产流动性与公司资本结构——来自中国A股上市公司的经验证据

本文以中国A股上市公司2001-2005年的公开财务报表数据为样本，采用面板回归模型对我国上市公司资产流动性与公司资本结构的关系进行了实证检验。结果发现：公司资本结构与公司资产流动性显著负相关；公司资本结构与其盈利能力以及公司规模显著负相关；公司资本结构与企业所得税费用显著正相关；股权集中度与公司资本结构之间的关系不显著。