The changing structure of cost and demand for the U.S. telecommunications industry

This paper formulates a multiproduct structural model to examine the evolution of the structures of production and demand and their dynamic interaction, over an extended period, 1935–1987, in the U.S. telecommunications industry. We estimate the degree of scale economies, cost elasticities, input price elasticities and the determinants of demand for outputs and for various factors of production. The contributions of the quasi-fixed inputs, such as R&D and physical capital, in the evolution of this industry are evaluated. A number of important issues like the changing characteristics of demand for and cost of local and toll services and the variation of price–cost margin over time are examined under different economic conditions, market structures and regulatory environments. We also analyze the effects of the 1984 divestiture of the Bell System on the cost structure, employment and capital formation of the U.S. telecommunications industry.     

我国农化行业升级之路：打造一流农化服务供应链

目前,我国衣化行业内外部竞争已经十分激烈。通过对我国衣化行业现状的分析,我们发现中国农化行业存在竞争程度高、农化企业经营管理方式落后、研发水平低下等问题,提出了农化行业必须进行升级,创造新型的经营模式,以实现服务化进而提高我国农化行业的竞争力。在农化服务供应链的概念基础上,构建了我国农化服务供应链平台。最后,以我国农化行业整合先行者广州易合通农化供应链有限公司为例,介绍了其如何打造一流的农化服务供应链。     

The division of labour and industrial diversity: flexibility and mass production in the French automobile industry

Much of the debate about changing paradigms of production in industry has tended to oppose mass production to emerging forms of flexible, or network production. The debate over these competing visions is clouded by all manner of definitional ambiguities. In a given branch of production, the two strategies of mass and flexible production, and many intermediate forms of production organization, may coexist, because the branch ties together many different types of firms and different types of production units. This article develops a theoretical typology of different kinds of products and the production processes with which they are associated, and then deploys it in a case study of the French automobile industry in the 1980s. The branch is thus a complex structure of relationships between different firms and units and the different models of production organization they employ. Co-ordination of relationships between different approaches to production is a key to successful branch governance, and to emerging branch structures today.     

磷化工园区生态产业链的培育及发展研究——以贵州省为例

生态产业链的培育和发展对提高磷资源的经济价值和生态环境的保护具有重要作用。文章首先对磷化工工业园区等概念进行界定,然后对贵州磷化工工业园区培育和发展生态产业链的必要性和可行性进行分析论证,最后提出了政府应提高磷化工企业的集合度、严格控制磷矿石的出口和按照生态产业链条招商,园区管委会应建立废物交换信息平台、清洁生产和废物集中处理机制,企业应大力发展精细磷化工产品、构建跨区域生态产业链、厘清产品间的共生耦合关系、加大磷矿伴生资源的开发利用等具体措施。     

Deregulation and Subequilibrium in the Australian Dairy Processing Industry

The Australian dairy processing industry is currently undergoing a program of substantial regulatory reform. In this paper we assess the impact of this deregulation on the production and cost systems of the industry. This is undertaken using a translog restricted cost function, for the period 1969 to 1996, with labour, milk and energy as the variable inputs and capital as the one fixed input. We find that this industry has undergone significant changes in terms of factor demand and cost structures associated with the introduction of new technology.     

Institutional Change and the Problems of Restructuring the Russian Fishing Industry

This article discusses how the transition from a planned towards a market-based economy has affected the Russian fishing industry. It is based on a series of studies of the Northwest Russian fishing industry, where evidence from its past role and functioning is contrasted with the current situation. The conceptual perspective drawn on is institutional theory, with a focus on higher-order institutions. One of the main findings is that the fishing companies stand out as the only surviving party in the game. The losers are the land-based fish processing industry, the mother ship and transport fleet, and the support structures, which depend on the activities generated by the prime production (fishing). It is argued that the new institutional arrangements necessarily force a new adaptation among the fishing companies, and suggested that some of the changes of the higher-order institutions have been less successful than initially assumed, as there still are several adverse elements in the Russian institutional arrangements that hinder further transition toward a marketbased economy.     

基于关联度和梯度的浙江省产业间影响力分析

利用2002年、2005年和2007年浙江省的投入产出表,测度上述3个年份浙江省的产业关联度和梯度,并进行产业分类。结果显示:利用产业梯度测度方法可直接抓住对地区经济发展最有影响力的产业,其测度效果优于产业关联度测度方法,但产业关联度测度在产业分类上具有优势。根据关联度进行排序,同时进行梯度测度,对照验证发现:浙江省的化学工业,通用、专用设备制造业,纺织业,建筑业是对其经济发展贡献最大的支柱产业;金属冶炼及压延加工业、金属制品业、电子通信设备及计算机制造业等是对其经济增长贡献快速增长的产业;批发和零售贸易业,农业,电力、热力的生产和供应业的贡献虽然有所减小,但其稳定经济的作用不可忽视。     

太原市工业经济绿色转型研究

山西是我国主要能源重化工基地.作为资源型省会城市,太原是全省经济中心,主要经济结构是以能源、原材料为主导的重工业结构,冶金、煤炭、机械、化工、电力是全市支柱产业,传统典型的资源性和粗放型的经济增长模式,带来了严重的环境污染和产业风险,阻碍了经济可持续发展.近年来,针对传统发展模式的弊端,太原市以科学发展观为指导,提出了绿色转型战略,努力探索经济与生态协调发展的新路径.文章将探讨对近年来太原市工业经济绿色转型之路,以求推动我国煤炭资源型城市转型发展.     

Agglomeration externalities: Marshall versus Jacobs

The literature remains inconclusive as to whether Marshallian specialization or Jacobian diversification externalities favor regional innovativeness. The specialization thesis asserts that regions with production structures specialized towards a particular industry tend to be more innovative in that particular industry, as it allows for knowledge to spill over between similar firms. The diversification thesis argues that knowledge spills over between different industries, causing diversified production structures to be more innovative. A closely related debate evolves around local competitiveness hypotheses. Using an original database of innovation counts, both these issues are addressed for the Dutch context. The results show that the Marshallian specialization thesis holds, though more pronounced for R&D intensive and small firms. Fierce local competition within an industry negatively affects innovativeness in that particular industry.JEL Classification: O18, O31, R10Gerben van der Panne: The author wishes to thank Fia Wunderink, Wilfred Dolfsma and Alfred Kleinknecht for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper.     

The distribution approach to the aggregation of putty-clay production functions

The point of departure of the distribution approach is the efficiency distribution of the production units in an industry. From this distribution the full-capacity production function and the short-run aggregate production function of the industry are derived. The long-run production function of the industry then is derived from the full-capacity function and the short-run production function. Hence, in the context of the distribution approach the relation is analysed between the short-run, full-capacity and long-run aggregate production functions of the industry and the efficiency distribution (and related capacity distribution) of the production units in that industry. Finally, the distribution approach is applied for the case of the Japanese cotton spinning industry.     

皮革行业实施清洁生产途径的可持续发展研究

皮革行业迅速的发展同时带来了严重的环境污染和资源浪费等问题。在皮革行业发展相对集中的区域,地表水和地下水均受到严重污染。此外,皮革行业还存在大量固体废弃物污染的问题。因此,研究在皮革行业实施清洁生产的途径,对其可持续发展有着非常重要的意义。文章通过简单介绍皮革行业的污染源,指出在制革过程中推行清洁生产审核以及政府引导的必要性,重点提出了在制革工艺、设备、废弃物管理等方面的清洁生产途径,目的是促使清洁生产及其实施途径能得到全面的认识和应用,从而达到节能、减污、增效等生态经济效应。     

中国工业行业对外贸易对环境的影响研究——以工业废水为例

中国污染较高的工业行业主要有造纸工业、纺织工业、化学工业等。出口产品污染含量较高的行业是纺织工业和化学工业,进口产品污染含量较高的行业是化学工业和造纸工业。通过环境效应指数的分析发现,近年来,纺织工业和金属制造工业等对外贸易增加了国内环境污染,造纸工业和化学工业等对外贸易则减少了国内环境污染。     

生物制药产业技术轨道变迁与机会分析

以传统化学制药产业为比较基础,归纳了生物制药产业中顺序出现的三条技术轨道——"现代生物技术作为生产工具"、"现代生物技术作为搜寻工具"和"全面整合",分析了不同技术轨道所依赖的企业关键能力,明确了企业参与产业创新的机会以及由此引发的产业竞争态势变革。最后预测了生物制药产业中未来可能出现的技术轨道——"理论+实验",指出了该技术轨道所依赖的企业关键能力、提供的创新机会和可能导致的产业竞争新态势。     

China's structural change: A new SDA model

Based on the Deviation from Proportional Growth (DPG) model developed by H.B. Chenery and his coauthors (e.g., Chenery, 1960; Chenery et al., 1962; Chenery et al., 1986) and Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) model proposed by Syrquin (1976), this paper develops a new SDA model that directly interprets the changes of sectoral shares of output. In addition, our decomposition also demonstrates that on top of the three typical factors influencing the structural changes, i.e., the final-goods demand structure, production technology, and import substitution, the ratio of final-goods demand over total output (φ) is one of the key factors in the determination of industrial structures. This ratio is often neglected in the existing literature. Applying this model to study the change of industrial structure in China from 1992 to 2005, we find that since the 1990s, China's industrialization was associated with the rise of machinery and electrical industries, and the decline of chemical industry. The main driving force is the export (foreign) demand, however factors like production technological structure changes, and import substitution contributed negatively. Both production technological structure changes and import substitution are also key factors that hinder the transformation of Chinese economy to the service orientation.     

Persistence, Asymmetries and Interrelation in Factor Demand

A neoclassical factor demand model for structures, equipment and labour is analyzed in this paper. It incorporates a variety of dynamic specifications, such as a multi-period time-to-build for structures, internal adjustment costs for each production factor, and external investment adjustment costs. First-order conditions of the model are estimated by the generalized method of moments using manufacturing industry data from the US, Canada, West Germany, the UK (all 1960.I–1988.IV), France (1970.I–1992.II) and the Netherlands (1971.I–1990.IV). The results endorse time-to-build for structures, persistence of technology shocks and interrelations in adjustment cost dynamics.     

Technological interdependence and knowledge diffusion in the building of national innovative capacity: The role of Taiwan's chemical industry

While the significance and effectiveness of patents in the chemical industry has been demonstrated in many industrialized countries, this study examines the role of the chemical industry and knowledge diffusion in building the innovative capacity of a nation in latecomer country Taiwan. The development of process innovation plays an integral role in the strategic industries of Taiwan, but few attempts have been made to address how the efficiency of process development can be enhanced. As a latecomer, Taiwan has built its national innovative capability on strategic industries such as semiconductors, consumer electronics and flat panel displays. Through patent data analysis, this study demonstrates the significant and indispensable role played by the chemical industry in technological interdependence and knowledge diffusion with other Taiwanese strategic industries. This study suggests that while the public resources of Taiwan are focused on accelerating the development of emerging sectors and technologies, the chemical industry serves as an effective linkage and catalyst in problem-solving.     

我国经济系统的结构因素与 经济增长的结构依赖

本文在运用系统工程原理分析各种结构的相互联系和作用关系的基础上,根据Cobb Douglas生产函数构建经济增长的结构依赖模型,并以我国各省市(区)作为实证对象,分析了2006年、2009年以及两阶段过程中各主要结构因素与我国经济增长关联关系,揭示了中国经济增长过程对各结构的依赖性。研究结果表明,产业结构、国内生产总值结构和国内生产总值项目结构是我国经济系统中的主要结构因素;我国当前产业结构没有对经济增长起到支撑作用,必须继续推进产业结构升级;提高消费率、劳动报酬率在促进产业结构优化同时,对我国经济增长有显著的促进作用;加强我国第三产业投资力度,能够促进经济增长;我国调结构的宏观政策初见成效。     

Organizational Form and Expense Preference: Spanish Experience

This article investigates the effect of alternative ownership structures, stock versus mutual, on the cost of production of Spanish depository institutions. By introducing a stochastic frontier analysis in estimating the best–practiced expense–preference behaviour, the empirical approach adjusts for the possibility that the two sectors of the banking industry employ different production technologies and finds evidence that is consistent with expense–preference behaviour by the mutual savings banks.     

关于知识经济的若干理论疑难问题

文章指出 ,农业经济和工业经济是用产品 (农产品和工业品 )这一目标来界定。知识经济是用产品和生产要素两个标准来界定 :一是指生产知识产品的知识产业 ;二是指以知识为第一生产要素的高科技产业。知识产业为知识经济的基础产业 ,高科技产业为知识经济的支柱产业 ,信息经济是知识经济的初级阶段。