烟草优势企业开展多元化经营的动因分析

以扩大企业产品市场范围为特征的多元化经营战略是企业成长到一定阶段后的自然选择,同时也是市场经济发展到一定阶段后必然出现的现象.发达国家的企业,尤其是一些大企业,多元化经营已经走过了几十年的历程,积累了大量的经验与教训,多元化经营的成效令人刮目相看.国内的众多企业近年来也不断地在尝试着开展多元化经营,不少企业在这一领域取得了比较大的进展.烟草业和其他产业一样,有多元化经营的要求.国内烟草业中的优势企业大都在进行或尝试着开展多元化经营,如云南烟草和上海烟草.作为国内烟草市场的市场领先者,其承受的市场压力和挑战越来越大,多元化经营的提出和开展是合乎企业发展规律的.但对于烟草企业而言,其多元化的经营的动因除一般企业发展规律的要求外,它还有着其本身的特殊动因,而这才是烟草企业开展多元化经营的最重要的推动因素.本文从分析烟草业的特征入手,得出烟草业本身的行业特征和内在的矛盾是促成烟草企业,尤其是烟草优势企业开展多元化经营的主要动因的结论.     

多元化经营的战略模式（上）

起点与能力:战略模式要素多元化经营的战略类型主要是从流程、技术、市场方面的相关性角度对多元化经营战略的划分,可以说是一种客观的、静态性的分析和研究。实际上,在多元化经营过程中,企业的早期多元化经营的行业起点及以什么能力为主开展多元化经营更为重要。我们通过中外企业大量的案例分析,归纳并提出“多元化经营的战略模式”这个新概念描述这种动态性的过程。在“战略模式”新概念中,我们采用多元化经营的行业起点与多元化过程中的主导能力为要素,首先进行分类,然后再进行组合,从而形成了多元化经营的六种战略模式。（一）行业起点…     

企业多元化经营风险

正确认识企业多元化经营 多元化经营也叫多样化经营、多角化经营。是美国著名战略学者安索夫于20世纪50年代提出的，是指企业为获取最大经济效益，在多个相关或者不相关的领域同时经营多项业务的一种经营战略。多元化经营分为相关多元化和不相关多元化，其中，相关多元化是指企业所开展的各项业务之间有明显的有形关联，比如共同的市场、生产、技术、营销渠道等，     

基于多元化发展的国有建筑企业经营战略初探

多元化发展战略当前很多企业推动自身不断发展壮大的经营战略之一.本文首先介绍了多元化经营战略的三种类型,并对建筑企业多元化经营的意义进行了阐述,最后对建筑企业多元化经营的途径进行了探讨.     

煤矿多元化经营管理

<正>多元化经营管理,通常是指企业同时在多个领域开展经营和管理的活动。我国企业实施多元化经营策略的原因很多,而国有煤矿企业选择多元化经营管理大多是因为煤矿寿命受矿产资源储量的限制较强,规模无论大、中、小都有终竭之日。为使企业获得新生,多元化经营可以说是它们的最终选择。但是,煤矿企业与其他企业相比,独特之处甚多,因而煤矿企业的多元化经营及管理确有研究之必要。本文通过对煤企多元化现状分析,找出存在的问题,为煤矿企业今后的多元化决策提供个人的一点管窥之见。     

多元化经营下代理成本对企业绩效的影响

文章从多元化经营增加代理成本、正反两方面影响企业绩效、代理成本负面影响企业绩效三个角度开展理论分析,研究发现多元化经营对企业绩效产生的提升效应会因代理成本的增加而有所降低。企业在选择多元化经营时务必要结合企业自身的经营状况适度实施,同时寻求降低代理成本的方法以保证企业绩效的提升。     

论多元化经营对企业价值的影响

对多元化经营与企业价值之间的关系进行了论述。并结合国内企业多元化经营的实施效果,就如何将多元化经营与提高企业自身价值紧密结合起来进行探讨,希望能对中国企业经营的价值取向有所启示。     

专业化还是多元化?——加入WTO对我国企业多元化经营战略的思考

企业多元化经营是世界各国企业常见的一种经营战略,一些国际著名大企业集团或多或少地都涉足了多元化经营.一般认为企业进行多元化经营的目的是通过多元化经营以分散风险,或是进入新的业务领域以进行战略转移.随着我国经济的快速发展,我国许多企业也采用了多元化经营策略以求得发展壮大,但多数企业多元化经营实践并不成功.很多搞多元化经营的企业,特别是实行跨行业、无关联多元化经营的企业并没有取得预想的成功.最典型的例子是巨人集团,由一家生产计算机软硬件设备公司发展成为一家兼营生物制药、房地产的多元化公司,却因为房地产投资失误而导致经营失败.从国际企业的多元化实践来看,情况也是如此,多元化经营失败的例子比比皆是.因此进入二十世纪九十年代以来,回到专业化经营的企业越来越多.这也导致了理论界的多元化与专业化的优劣之争,有人甚至认为多元化经营已经过时了.     

论企业多元化经营的前提与战略关联开发

本文从多元化战略的概念入手,分析企业多元化经营战略的前提和原则,并对多元化经营的战略关联开发进行了探讨     

关于企业适度多元化的思考

在企业多元化的问题上,目前存在两种观点：一种观点认为,利用现有资源,开展多元化经营,可以规避风险,实现资源共享,获得1＋1〉2的效果;另一种观点认为,企业开展多元化经营会造成人、财、物等资源分散,管理难度增加,效率下降。     

电子音乐流派的社会变革(英文)

从社会和政治变化、电子音乐流派的发展,形成了电子音乐,科学和技术的发展对电子音乐有重大的影响。他们是四个不同历史时期的发展——未来派,法西斯主义,达达派、电子音乐的时期。从最早使用:麦架,嘘声,窃窃私语,爆炸等。音乐和表达感情的表现,在阶级斗争,政治变革和经济危机、发展迅速的电子音乐,用在许多不同的零件,例如播放音乐、电影、电视等,都成了一个必不可少的组成部分的音乐市场。     

The Geography of Innovation in China and India

The BRICS countries in general, and China and India in particular, are now widely regarded as the areas of the world likely to challenge the economic leadership of the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). A large part of this challenge will come from rapid technological catch‐up by China and India. Yet, despite a recent rise in interest, there is limited knowledge about how and where innovation takes place in these two leading emerging countries and to what extent the Chinese and Indian territorial systems of innovation differ from those in the EU or the US. In this article we explore the geography of innovation in China and India, concentrating on understanding key territorial‐level innovation trends by country, region and technology field, using the US and the EU as benchmarks. We find significant contrasts between the geography of innovation in China and India and that of the US and the EU. First, the degree of concentration of innovative activities in both countries is extremely high. Levels of agglomeration of innovation in the coastal provinces of China, as well as in Delhi and the South of India, significantly exceed the levels of agglomeration found in the USA and the EU. Secondly, China has witnessed a more rapid increase in the degree of concentration of innovation than India. We posit that the differences in the geography of innovation between, on the one hand, China and India and, on the other hand, between these countries and the developed world are rooted in different institutional settings, different systems of innovation and different national innovation strategies.     

WHAT'S TO KNOW ABOUT THE CREDIBILITY OF EMPIRICAL ECONOMICS?

The scientific credibility of economics is itself a scientific question that can be addressed with both theoretical speculations and empirical data. In this review, we examine the major parameters that are expected to affect the credibility of empirical economics: sample size, magnitude of pursued effects, number and pre‐selection of tested relationships, flexibility and lack of standardization in designs, definitions, outcomes and analyses, financial and other interests and prejudices, and the multiplicity and fragmentation of efforts. We summarize and discuss the empirical evidence on the lack of a robust reproducibility culture in economics and business research, the prevalence of potential publication and other selective reporting biases, and other failures and biases in the market of scientific information. Overall, the credibility of the economics literature is likely to be modest or even low.     

Engineering Cities: Mediating Materialities,Infrastructural Imaginaries and Shifting Regimes of Urban Expertise

This symposium opens up new critical insights and analytical perspectives into the relationships between power, politics, materiality and urban engineering. In so doing it demonstrates the central role of engineers in the production and negotiation of everyday life in the city. In contrast to the technocratic exercise engineering often professes to be, the contributors to this symposium argue that the assembling and choreography of cities through the myriad techniques, routines, standards and visions of engineers is inextricably bound up with broader socio‐cultural, material and political urban dynamics and processes. This necessitates investigating the multiple and competing social imaginations, forms of knowledge and regimes of expertise associated with urban engineering. The symposium's five articles, straddling disciplinary backgrounds in geography, anthropology, engineering and history, focus analytical and empirical attention on the figure of the engineer and on the work of engineering in the cities of Paris, Mumbai, Singapore and London. Engineering, we suggest, is a diagnostic for probing the shifting forms of mediation that animate and inhabit contemporary dynamics of urban change. The symposium thus opens up a new avenue for cross‐disciplinary and transregional research for urban studies while also suggesting innovative ways of conceptualizing urban transformation and contestation.     

浅论保险与理财

随着财富的增加,人们越来越意识到保险的重要性,但是许多人仍不清楚保险与理财的关系,以及如何使用保险产品。本文从保险与理财的关系出发,阐述了保险规划的流程,并详细分析了保险理财中应注意保险的本质、功能、社会保险的意义、购买保险的目的以及把握购买时机等问题。     

Bourdieu Comes to Town: Pertinence,Principles, Applications

This article frames the themes of the two‐part Interventions section ‘Bourdieu Comes to Town’. I first establish the pertinence of Bourdieu's sociology for students of the city by revisiting his youthful work on power, space, and the diffusion of urban forms in provincial Béarn and colonial Algeria. In both cases, urbanization is the key vector of transformation, and the city, town, or camp the site anchoring the forces dissolving the social fabric of the French countryside and overturning French imperialism in North Africa. These early studies establish that all social and mental structures have spatial correlates and conditions of possibility; that social distance and power relations are both expressed in and reinforced by spatial distance; and that propinquity to the center of accumulation of capital (economic, military, or cultural) is a key determinant of the force and velocity of social change. Next, I discuss four principles that undergird Bourdieu's investigations and can profitably drive urban inquiry: the Bachelardian moment of epistemological rupture, the Weberian invitation to historicize the agent (habitus), the world (social space) and the categories of the analyst (epistemic reflexivity); the Leibnizian‐Durkheimian imperative to deploy the topological mode of reasoning; and Cassirer's command to heed the constitutive efficacy of symbolic structures. The plasticity and productivity of his concepts suggest that Bourdieu can not only energize urban inquiry but also merge it into a broader analytic of the trialectic of symbolic division, social space, and the built environment. This paves a pathway for reconceptualizing the urban as the domain of accumulation, differentiation and contestation of manifold forms of capital, which makes the city a central ground, product, and prize of historical struggles.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

控保建筑价值确定的影响因素与估值探索——以苏州为例

控保建筑作为一种特殊的房地产类型,在价值(价格)的评估方面有其特殊原则、特别考虑因素和特有估价方法和途径,实施估值的人员必须站在较长时间序列的背景下,在充分了解和掌握建筑物的文化背景、历史背景、技法背景的前提下,从建筑本体和外部两个角度,给予历史、艺术和科学的价值估算。     

Supply Chain Strategies in the UK Fashion Industry—The Rhetoric of Partnership and Realities of Power

This paper focuses on the fashion industry, one characterised by issues such as dramatic shifts in the scale and power of major retail buyers in the market, the advent of retailer own brands, and the nature of sourcing and supply chain decisions, issues that are increasingly global in nature. The aim of this research is to explore the nature of relationships between UK high street multiple fashion retailers and their contracted suppliers, many of whom are entrepreneurial firms by most definitions of the term. Four core themes emerge from the literature and provide a framework for the research, namely, power, process, partnership, and people. The research approach was qualitative, and conducted over a period of twelve months. The paper ends with an agenda for future research.     

新时期城市空间的流动特征

基于新时期城市所面临的全球化、信息化与城市化共同作用的多重发展背景,从城市空间出现的距离消失、新边界产生、功能混合与城市空间多维化等转变的研究出发,分析了新时期城市的办公、居住、商业与工业等功能空间流动的新特征。