Patent Infringement: Lessons from Industrial Economics

Once a patent is found to have been infringed the law generally entitles the patentholder to monetary losses suffered as the result of the illegal conduct. It is shown here that there are important differences between the losses awarded under U.S. case law and those that economic models of competition indicate would allow patentholders to just capture the social value of their innovations and, with that, provide private incentives for efficient levels of innovation. The prevailing case law generally overestimates the harm, providing an incentive for the patentholder to opportunistically claim infringement. In the end this increases the reward to innovation and encourages overinvestment. The record of the widely read State Industries vs. Mor-Flo Manufacturing Co. (883 F.2d 1573, Fed. Cir. 1989, cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1022, 1990) provides a case study.     

An Introduction to the Symposium on the Use of Simulation in Applied Industrial Organization

Simulation offers a rigorous methodology for addressing policy or litigation issues that require a comparison of an observed state of the world with an unobserved one. Simulation employs a calibrated, structural oligopoly model to describe the unobserved state of the world. Calibration involves reliance on real-world observations to set the key parameter values in the model. Simulation is an increasingly important tool of the industrial organization economist, particularly in analyzing the competitive effects of mergers. Papers in this symposium illustrate merger simulations in a variety of contexts and one other application of simulation.     

专利侵权诉讼的特殊性及其若干程序性救济

专利侵权是一类特殊的民事纠纷,其特殊性主要表现在专利的科技属性及专利诉讼的复杂性对程序设计提出了特殊要求。目前,我国专利纠纷的审理适用普通民事诉讼程序,只是在管辖、当事人适格等个别问题最高人民法院作了特殊规定。在笔者看来,这些规定远远不能满足专利纠纷的特殊属性及其对程序设计的特殊要求。本文将重点介绍与阐释美国专利纠纷中若干特殊程序设计,并从比较法角度对我国相关制度完善提出若干建议。     

The Persistence of Profits in the Long Run: A New Approach

We present a trend‐based alternative to the standard first‐order autoregression model in persistence of profits studies. This is motivated by reservations over the interpretation of the standard model, and rests on a different concept of dynamic competition. A nine‐category taxonomy of long‐run persistence stereotypes is developed. Structural time series estimates are presented for a sample of UK companies. We find the null of long run competitive equilibrium not rejected in nearly a third of cases, but non‐eroding persistence to be present in around 60%.     

Explaining the Persistence of Profits: A Time-Varying Approach

The present paper analyzes the determinants of profit persistence using a newly developed methodology that allows the persistence parameter to vary with time. It therefore addresses a significant limitation of previous persistence models, which have assumed unrealistically that persistence is fixed over relatively long periods of 20 years and upwards. The concentration of the industry is found to have a significant positive impact on profit persistence. However, at firm level, market share and risk have a surprisingly negative impact     

我国在纳米技术专利保护过程中存在的问题及对策

纳米科技作为影响未来人类生活的世界三大新兴科技之一,是与生命科学、信息技术、并重的具有战略意义的研究领域。由于纳米技术拥有广泛的应用前景,使其在专利保护及产业化方面成为全球关注的热点。介绍了全球纳米技术的竞争态势,重点分析了纳米技术专利应用及保护的重要性以及存在的问题,并讨论了在全球形势下纳米技术专利保护的对策。     

Limiting Laissez Faire Profits: The Financial Implications

Traditional corporate finance endorses the principle of stockholder wealth maximization as the purpose of business. In light of recent scandals and legislation, businesses are increasingly expected to use financial resources in a manner which benefits society and not just the owners of the firm. This imputation of a corporate soul will necessarily reduce investor returns, which has at least two major financial implications for the firm and the economy. The first is that it may cause investors to change their required rates of return and thereby change the amount of capital available to firms (in␣particular), and the economy (in general). The second is that it may implicitly replace equity with debt in the capital structure of firms, with all that implies for financing and corporate governance. The purpose of this article is to examine these implications and evaluate their sometimes counterintuitive consequences.     

The Impact of Omitting Promotion Variables on Simulation Experiments

Using store-level scanner data, elasticity matrices are estimated using a twotiered demand system. Two basic models are estimated, one with promotion variables and one without. Differences between the estimates across the two models are statistically significant. However, when the elasticities are used as 'inputs' into several simulation exercises, there are only small differences in merger effects and patent damage estimates.The results suggest that the differences are not 'economically' significant.     

Managing Channel Profits: The Role of Managerial Incentives

The existing literature has examined how manufacturers can enhance profits by employing specific channel structures and channel coordination mechanisms. In this paper, we examine the implications of strategically designed managerial incentives for channel performance in a duopoly. We first analyze how equilibrium outcomes (especially manufacturer profits) are altered when the manufacturers provide their channel managers with strategically designed incentives. Following that, we examine how optimal channel structure decisions are altered when manufacturers provide their managers with strategic incentives, i.e., we examine how strategic incentives moderate optimal channel structure decisions. In contrast with the existing literature, we find that an asymmetric channel structure with one manufacturer employing a profit-maximizing retailer and the other integrated manufacturer providing strategic incentives for the channel manager in charge of pricing, is an equilibrium outcome under certain conditions. We then compare how the implications of strategic incentives differ from those of channel structure decisions and channel coordination initiatives, and discuss when and why strategic incentives yield superior outcomes from the manufacturer’s perspective. Our results shed light on the sparsely researched role of managerial incentives in the channel context.     

IP QoS仿真软件的设计与实现

本文简单分析了ＩＰＱｏＳ的数学模型，详细介绍了ＩＰＱｏＳ仿真的模型建立、设计方法和实现中应注意的问题，最后给出了仿真结果和误差处理方法。     

航空通信抗干扰技术性能仿真分析

简要分析了仿真技术在通信抗干扰系统研制中的重要性，针对航空通信典型抗干扰技术建立了通用的仿真平台，文中详细讨论了仿真建模的原则和模型的建立方法，并重点对典型干扰情况下的抗干扰系统性能进行了仿真分析。     

控制算法的计算机仿真及比较研究

本文通过用ＶＣ＋＋语言对一般ＰＩＤ、积分分离ＰＩＤ、不完全微分ＰＩＤ、史密斯预估ＰＩＤ等几种典型的控制算法进行计算机仿真和比较，并给出相应的仿真结果和建议。     

Profits and Principles: Four Perspectives

This article clarifies the relationship between profits and principles by distinguishing four alternative perspectives: the win-win perspective in which ethical behaviour generates the highest profits; a licence-to-operate perspective in which a minimum ethical performance is required to receive legitimation from the society; an acceptable profits perspective, in which an acceptable profitability is required to assure the financial continuity; and an integrated perspective. These four perspectives are illustrated by statements from Shell reports and from interviews with managers of a large European retail company.     

Banking systems,innovations, intellectual property protections,and financial markets: Evidence from China

One unique feature of the emerging economies in Asia is the rich variation in the development of financial systems and technological sectors across different geographical areas. This unbalanced evolution provides us a potentially more powerful setting to investigate the dynamics among banking systems, innovations, intellectual property (IP) protections, and stock market reactions that are especially useful in understanding the policy–finance–innovation nexus in emerging economies. Using newly available data from China, this study confirms the nurturing role of financial systems on innovations, the value-enhancing function of firms' innovative activities, and the lead–lag predictive role of innovations on stock returns, in the context of emerging economies. More importantly, the study documents that stronger provincial IP protections reduce patent piracy and hence enhance local firms' market values.     

供应商管理库存收益研究综述

供应商管理库存模式成为企业界和学术界关注的焦点,许多研究者进行了并且还在继续进行相关的研究工作。从VMI模式下一般收益、VMI模式下运输和库存整合收益、VMI模式下信息共享收益三方面综述VMI收益,并指出今后的研究方向,对促进企业实施VMI有着重大的指导意义和现实意义。     

基于专利布局视角的嘉兴市专利资源产业分布现状分析

利用incoPat科技创新情报平台数据库,按照国民经济行业分类(按大类)标准,对目前嘉兴市各产业的专利拥有量、申请趋势、专利质量、专利有效性以及专利价值度等方面进行综合分析,确定通用设备制造业(C34大类)、电气机械和器材制造业(C38大类)两大产业为嘉兴市知识产权(专利)资源的主导产业和热点产业。嘉兴市知识产权(专利)区域布局工作应该重点从这两个产业入手,加大对这两个产业的专利扶持力度,做大做强通用设备制造业和电气机械与器材制造业两大产业,为嘉兴制造业转型升级,推动嘉兴经济持续、快速发展起到引领和示范作用。     

网络著作权侵权抗辩事由存在的价值目标

随着公众通过网络的便捷性获取信息行为的增加和著作权人对作品的专属垄断,逐步产生并加深了网络著作权侵权矛盾。网络著作权侵权抗辩事由是实现利益平衡最好的调节器。其存在的价值追求,归根结底是为了保护网络著作权人的利益和同时兼顾社会公众对信息资源的需求,平衡个人利益与社会公众利益,最终能建立一种利益平衡机制,使社会资源能达到最大化的充分利用状态,促进文化产业的发展。     

DDS在SystemView上的仿真设计

本文介绍了直接数字频率合成器（DDS）的工作原理和System View的应用，并使用SystemView建立了DDS的仿真系统，得到了相位截断对DDS的影响的仿真结果，对研究和设计DDS系统有着实际意义。     

矩阵实验室（MATLAB）在通信系统仿真中的应用

研究了利用ＭＡＴＬＡＢ进行通信系统仿真及其建模的方法，给出了几个典型仿真范例及仿真结果。分析结果表明ＭＡＴＬＡＢ在通信系统仿真中的重要作用。