次贷危机引发的美国金融监管改革及启示

次贷危机发生以来,以美国为首的西方各国采取了一系列挽救措施,并推动金融监管体制进行改革。先是美国财政部部长保尔森3月31日正式公布长达218页的《监管改革蓝图》,提     

美国金融监管改革的新框架与新趋势

针对金融危机中暴露的监管缺陷,美国正在进行"大萧条"以来最为全面的金融监管改革.本文在宏观和微观审慎监管相结合的框架下介绍了美国金融监管改革的主要内容,分析了围绕改革的主要争论,并对国际金融监管改革趋势进行总结比较,认为美国这次金融监管改革将从监管标准、方法、模式和理念等方面重构美国金融监管体系,有利于形成更加稳定有序的金融市场新秩序,防范金融危机重演.     

美国金融监管制度的演变：趋势研判

金融监管是各国金融当局为了保证金融机构稳健经营,维护金融体系安全与稳定,保护存款人利益而实施的一种制度安排.在金融机构发达、市场成熟的美国,金融监管的制度安排由来已久,且在西方国家中具有典型意义.回顾美国金融监管制度的演变,分析目前美国金融监管中存在的问题和发展趋势,有助于把握西方国家金融监管制度的演变逻辑,对我国正在进行的金融体制改革不无裨益.     

后危机时代美国金融监管改革对我国的启示和借鉴

次贷危机引发了美国对其金融监管体系及其监管理念的反思。2009年6月美国财政部公布《美国金融监管改革计划》,详细地阐述了美国金融监管改革的核心目标和内容,并折射出美国金融监管理念的转变。本文在对美国金融监管改革的原因和内容深入分析的基础上,借鉴和参考美国金融监管改革中的经验,提出了改革和完善中国金融监管体系的建议。     

从次贷危机看美国的金融监管

美国拥有世界上最发达的金融体系和金融监管体系,但是却发生了次贷危机.本文从美国监管体系的特点和次贷危机的形成过程出发,分析了在此次危机中凸显的美国金融监管体系缺陷.     

美国金融监管改革法案解读与启示

次贷危机暴露了美国现行金融监管制度的缺陷,使美国对其监管理念和监管体系进行反思.<多德--弗兰克华尔街改革和消费者保护法案>是美国在危机后进行大规模金融监管改革的立法尝试.新设金融稳定监管委员会防范系统性风险、成立消费者金融保护局、加强金融衍生品监管、终结金融机构大而不能倒状况等立法内容折射出美国金融监管理念的革新.我国应适度借鉴美国金融监管改革立法优质内核,完善我国金融监管法律制度建设.     

美国金融监管改革和投资银行发展趋势分析

2010年7月21日,美国总统奥巴马签署金融监管改革法案,历时近两年的美国金融监管改革立法完成.此次金融监管改革,对我国金融体制改革和证券公司发展具有十分重要的借鉴意义.本文全面分析了美国此轮金融监管改革及投资银行经营模式转型过程,总结了本次美国金融监管改革的实质结果.     

美联储是什么机构

美国的次贷危机波及国际金融业，大洋彼岸美联储的一举一动，无不牵动着全球经济的神经。最近，美国财政部长保尔森提出了美国金融监管体制改革方案，美联储的权力将极大加强。美联储到底是个什么样的机构？     

"次贷危机"对我国金融监管的启示

本文认为"次贷危机"的发生,同美国疏于金融监管有直接的关系."次贷危机"的发生由房贷银行放贷、投资银行和证券公司包装加工、信用评级公司评级、对冲基金"炒作"四步构成,在这四个环节中都暴露出了美国金融监管体系存在监管真空、监管部门疏忽、监管体制不完善等问题.我国要积极汲取美国金融监管的经验教训,改善金融创新的风险监管,建立金融监管协调机制,并加强国际金融监管合作,以期更好地防范金融风险.     

美国金融监管改革及其启示

美国有着较完善的银行业监管系统,但次贷危机反映出衍生金融工具交易监管存在薄弱环节。主要体现在金融监管理念单一,金融衍生品监管缺失,金融监管体系不适应金融市场的发展。2008年美国对金融监管进行改革,为我国今后完善金融监管体系提供了启示。     

美国开放式保护主义及我国银行业安全的法律规制

美国银行业安全的法律规制经历了近百年的演进,形成了以紧跟金融创新发展步伐的渐进性,维护国家金融主权的保护性,寻求体制内各种法律制度互补的平衡性为特征的开放式保护主义法律规制体系.借鉴美国经验,我国在金融开放,实现金融现代化的进程中,也应以公益性、安全性、程序性等诉求为依据,以法律法规的定向约束为手段,以国家利益至上为宗旨,以对国外竞争者设置制度化的市场障碍和金融市场参与者稳健经营为目的,对我国银行业安全法律规制进行完善,以维护国家金融安全.     

危机后美国金融综合统计的发展与部门协调

较为完善的货币与金融统计,是制定适当的宏观经济和金融政策的必要前提。2008年国际金融危机暴露出金融统计的严重缺陷。危机后,美联储积极改进和完善金融综合统计框架,拓宽统计覆盖范围,从更广阔的视角来审视整个金融体系的运行状况和风险。同时,通过成立专门机构便利跨部门信息共享以及采用“一对一”签署备忘录的形式,加强部门间的协调与合作,完善信息共享功能,增强宏观调控和金融风险防控的有效性、针对性和前瞻性。美联储金融综合统计的发展经验和部门间信息共享机制,对完善我国金融统计工作有借鉴意义。     

金融危机条件下美联储新货币政策工具的运用

次贷危机爆发后,美联储根据本国金融市场变化情况,在《联邦储备法令》的授权下,创设了包括定期标售工具、定期证券借贷工具、一级交易商信用工具、货币市场投资者融资工具在内的7种新型货币政策工具,旨在为各类金融机构提供流动性支持,鼓励金融机构的放贷积极性,及恢复金融市场功能。该文详细介绍这些新型货币政策工具的操作规则及市场功能。     

美国联邦所得税政策的变迁

美国联邦所得税是美国联邦税制结构中的主体税种,美国联邦税收政策集中体现于美国联邦所得税政策,研究美国联邦所得税政策有助于我们全面把握美国税收政策的走向。美国联邦所得税政策变迁可以划分为六个主要的阶段。     

A Bayesian interpretation of the Federal Reserve's dual mandate and the Taylor Rule

When the Federal Reserve was established by the US Congress in 1913, its charter mandated that the new central bank “promote an elastic currency” and the institution was given extraordinary powers to serve as a lender of last resort to the banking system. Congress was reacting to the cycle of financial panics that had beset the country since the Civil War and had worsened with the Panic of 1907. Congress sought to find a remedy to prevent runs on banks turning into full-fledged financial crises. The term “elastic” in the opening words of the charter was intended to underscore the need for a robust banking system that could withstand shocks and not collapse upon itself. There was no mention whatsoever of a dual mandate of promoting price stability and encouraging full employment.With prodding from the US Congress, the Federal Reserve became highly involved in the management of the economy of the United States after WWII, focusing on inflation and full employment objectives. In 1993 Professor John Taylor set forth an elegant and simple framework (aka, the Taylor Rule) for analyzing the interest rate policy of the Federal Reserve in terms of its dual mandate.This paper examines Federal Reserve behavior from the mid-1950s to 2011 through the lens of the Taylor Rule. Our contribution is to use a dynamic linear model with Bayesian inference to update the evolution through time of the key parameters surrounding the inflation and full employment mandates, using only the information available to the Federal Reserve at each point in time. Our findings provide a more nuanced quantitative view than is previously available in the literature of how the Federal Reserve shifted its management of its dual mandate over time and in response to different economic challenges. Moreover, our research leads to serious questions of how Federal Reserve decision making may change in the future, following the financial panic of 2008, pointing toward numerous avenues for new research.     

Identifying the effects of a lender of last resort on financial markets: Lessons from the founding of the fed

We use the founding of the Federal Reserve to identify the effects of a lender of last resort. We examine stock return and interest rate volatility during September and October, when markets were vulnerable because of financial stringency from the harvest. Stock volatility fell by 40% and interest rate volatility by more than 70% following the monetary regime change. The drop is insignificant if major panic years are omitted from the analysis, however. Because business cycle downturns occurred in the same year as financial crises, our results suggest that the existence of the Federal Reserve reduced liquidity risk.     

构建中国金融压力指数探析

加强宏观审慎管理,维护金融体系稳定,要求中央银行能够及时地监测金融市场总体状况,而现有指标多数局限于分析单个金融市场。2008金融危机后,美国圣路易斯联邦储备银行等机构开发出金融市场压力指数监测整个金融市场压力情况,从而更好地来评估货币政策效率和金融市场稳定状况。本文通过分析国际金融市场3种常用的金融压力指数,采用6个指标分别描述影响我国金融市场投资者信心和流动性状况的因素,并据此编制中国金融市场压力指数。实证研究结果表明,该指数与芝加哥期货交易所波动率指数存在长期协整关系,能够较好地刻划我国金融市场压力变动情况。     

Financial Stability and Resolution of Federal Reserve Goal and Implementation Conflicts

The Federal Reserve has been assigned the goal of fostering financial stability along with its monetary policy goals of maximum employment and stable prices. This paper considers whether the financial stability and monetary policy goals have consistent policy implications both in theory and in practice. It also considers how the implementation of monetary policy might conflict with financial stability and vice versa.     

Credit Portfolio Loss Forecasts for Economic Downturns

Recent studies find a positive correlation between default and loss given default rates of credit portfolios. In response, financial regulators require financial institutions to base their capital on 'Downturn' loss rates given default which are also known as Downturn LGDs. This article proposes a concept for the Downturn LGD which incorporates econometric properties of credit risk as well as the information content of default and loss given default models. The concept is compared to an alternative proposal by the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Insurance Corporation. An empirical analysis is provided for US American corporate bond portfolios of different credit quality, seniority and security.     

How to Access Financial Data of the Internet and Use for Research In Finance And Economics

Information access at no cost or low cost is becoming vital for academic researchers in finance and economics. As a result of the budget cuts at most universities in the United States, the vast majority of schools of business, other than research I institutions are now unable to purchase readily available financial data on CDs or tapes (such as CRSP or Compustat data). In order to continue their research agenda, researchers at such schools must find alternative low cost sources of data. In addition to the difficulty in locating the data, iit is a challenge to downloadthe data that one needs in a timely manner. In fact, locating and downloading a particular set of financial data when time is at a premium can be a source of frustration for researchers and educators. This paper removes some of the difficulties that researchers and educators encounter when trying to locate and access financial data on the Internet. It provides an easy way of accessing and downloading one of the most useful financial data sets available on the Internet. In particular, the author shows how to download sets of selected interest rates of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago web site. The same steps could be used to access and download other financial data sets that are available on the Board of Governors web site or any of the remaining eleven Federal Reserve Banks' web sites. The data sets include current and historical daily, weekly and monthly rates for a number of financial securities including, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, federal funds, banker's acceptance, Eurodollars deposit, Treasury‐bills, Treasury ‐bonds, finance paper, state and local bonds, conventional mortgages, and rated corporate bonds. The data sets also include the Federal Reserve discount rate, foreign exchange rates and a wide selection of macroeconomic variables.