食品通胀周期中城镇居民食品消费结构动态及福利损失研究

在食品通胀周期背景下,使用城镇住户抽样调查数据及AIDS-ECM模型对城镇居民食品消费结构动态及福利损失进行了研究。研究结果表明:首先,长期中分类食品价格上涨会增加自身消费支出,而抑制其它分类食品消费支出。短期中通过食品消费结构调整实现动态均衡,且收入层次越高调整速度越显著,食品结构越均衡;其次,长短期中食品质量越高其支出弹性越高,且高质量食品支出弹性随收入层次增加而增加。短期自价格弹性较长期弹性敏感,高质量食品自价格弹性在中、高收入层才显著;再次,城镇居民食品消费的福利具有周期性特征,粮食、肉禽类食品消费福利构成食品消费福利主体,通胀期的福利损失大于收缩期的福利获得,在长短期中食品消费福利变化随收入层次增加而减少。现阶段稳定核心食品价格,减小收入分层差距,是优化城镇居民食品消费结构,增加福利的两个重要途径。     

中国城镇居民用电需求估算及阶梯电价方案设计

估计了不同收入水平的中国城镇居民家庭用电需求的价格弹性和收入弹性,分析了现行的阶梯电价政策对不同收入组城镇居民家庭生活用电量和福利的影响。研究结果表明:中国城镇居民家庭用电需求的价格弹性在-0.239~-0.660之间,收入弹性在0.343~0.577之间;2007—2011年,收入水平为0~10%的城镇居民家庭的月均生活用电量在50千瓦时以下,收入水平为10%~100%的城镇居民家庭的月均生活用电量在189~240千瓦时之间。指出中国现行的阶梯电价方案还有很大的改进空间。根据中国城镇居民家庭的用电特性和价格弹性,提出新的阶梯电价方案。该方案既可提高低收入城镇居民家庭的福利,又可减少高收入城镇居民家庭的超额用电需求,并降低城镇居民家庭的人均生活用电量。     

居民阶梯水价能够促进社会公平吗?

现有居民阶梯水价政策能否促进社会公平,政策实施对不同收入家庭福利状况的影响如何尚未得到充分研究。本文基于消费者需求测算了阶梯水价政策情景下不同收入家庭的福利变化,发现单纯的阶梯水价能在一定程度上促进相对公平,但同步涨价的阶梯水价会使交叉补贴机制失效并使低收入群体的福利显著恶化。因此,城市居民水价改革应优先关注低收入群体的福利状况和价格改革的相对公平问题,防止收入再分配的恶化。     

食品价格变动对城乡居民消费行为的影响——基于2012年中国社会核算矩阵分析

本文基于SAM乘数理论,利用最新的中国2012年社会核算矩阵,分析食品价格变动对城乡居民消费行为的影响程度及具体传导路径.乘数分析可知:食品价格上涨,对城镇居民来说,将带动城镇居民中最低收入分组家庭的CPI上升;路径分析可知:食品价格变动通过多条路径影响城乡居民的CPI,最终导致城乡居民生活成本的变化,从而影响城乡居民的消费行为及消费结构.鉴于食品价格变动对城乡居民不同收入分组的影响程度不同,故政府应加强对食品价格的政策制定力度,充分考虑不同收入分组的消费能力,注重食品安全监测体系建设,保证居民安全消费,健康消费.     

目前价格运行状况及上半年价格走势

受经济持续快速增长、需求大幅度增加以及国际市场价格上涨的影响,今年前4个月我国居民消费价格继续呈现明显上升的态势,同时结构性变化差异明显扩大,生活必需的粮食等食品价格上升速度过快,而一般工业消费品价格继续下降,城乡居民消费价格涨幅差距进一步扩大。价格的这种结构性变化,既增加了低收入阶层经济负担、加剧了收入分     

构建我国新的粮食价格支持政策框架的建议

当前,我国粮食供给格局已从紧平衡转化为部分品种阶段性过剩,现有临时收储与托市收购的粮食价格支持政策弊端凸显,改革粮食价格支持政策势在必行。比较优化收储、目标价格和收入补贴等三种具有代表性的粮食价格支持政策改革方案,提出构建"2+2"粮食价格支持政策框架,即继续完善大豆目标价格制度,适时推出玉米目标价格政策以替代临时收储政策,对稻谷、小麦继续实行最低收购价制度并加以完善。同时,推进农业补贴制度、粮食储备制度、粮食进出口调控等相关配套政策改革。     

食品价格上涨对我国城镇各阶层居民社会福利的不同影响

基于CHNS数据库2004年和2009年的数据,利用QUAIDS模型估计了食品价格上涨对我国各地区、不同阶层城镇居民社会福利的影响,研究发现:(1)食品价格上涨对城镇居民的社会福利造成了严重的负向冲击;(2)低收入者不但受食品价格冲击导致的社会福利损失更大,而且也更难以通过替代效应来进行缓冲;(3)不同省份的家庭受到的冲击有较大差别.经济较发达的省区和农业大省的城镇居民,受食品价格上涨的冲击较小;(4)中西部省区的低收入阶层,很可能是食品价格上涨中受冲击最大的群体,也是最需要救助的群体.这些结论说明,食品价格上涨对不同群体社会福利的影响具有异质性.     

城镇居民不同收入群体消费行为分析

按照家庭收入由低到高将城镇居民划分成四个收入群体,并应用带有家庭属性的AIDS模型分析每个收入群体的消费行为。研究结果表明,随着家庭收入的上升,城镇居民对于大多数商品消费的支出弹性和价格弹性呈下降趋势;城镇居民家庭用品和交通通讯消费富有支出弹性和价格弹性。因此,政府提高低收入群体的收入水平,通过财政政策使家庭用品和交通通讯商品的价格降低,可以有效地刺激城镇居民的消费。     

物价指数变动的城镇居民收入超分配效应

物价指数变动对城镇居民可支配收入购买力具有较大影响。文章提出并定义了物价指数变动的收入超分配效应,就物价指数变动对居民收入分配格局的影响,从收入组别、地域层面和累进程度三个方面进行了定性和定量分析。分析指出,物价指数变动对我国城镇居民收入具有逆向调节作用,恶化了我国居民收入分配格局。2010年,由于物价指数变动,低收入组居民由此产生的负担是高收入组的2倍左右。在三大地域中,西部地区居民受到的负面影响最大。在物价指数变动的情况下,食品和衣着等项目的消费产生的负担具有累退性,同样扩大了居民收入差距。控制物价波动区间、对低收入者的补贴与物价指数挂钩、引导价格变动预期以及努力推进市场化建设,是控制这种任意超分配效应、改善城镇居民收入分配格局的解决之道。     

湖北省城镇居民消费状况分析及消费潜力预测

近几年,在新冠疫情和经济衰退造成居民收入预期转弱、消费信心下降的背景下,激发城镇居民消费潜力推动经济持续回升,对湖北贯彻新发展理念,构建新发展格局,推动高质量发展的意义重大。利用凯恩斯的收入-支出模型,分析2001—2021年湖北省城镇居民的消费偏好,预测2022—2025年五组居民八类商品的需求收入弹性,针对需求潜力大的重点群体和弹性大于1的商品提出政策建议：提高消费潜力最大的低收入群体的收入,发挥交通通信业的消费引领作用,支持居民改善居住条件的消费诉求,助力较低收入群体的教育、文化娱乐消费,推动优质医疗资源下沉提升健康服务消费等等,为增强经济内生发展的消费驱动政策制定提供信息支撑。     

Poverty, inequality, and growth in urban China, 1986–2000

Although urban China has experienced spectacular income growth over the last two decades, increases in inequality, reduction in social welfare provision, deregulation of grain prices, and increases in income uncertainty in the 1990s have increased urban poverty. Using a large repeated cross section household survey from 1986 to 2000, this study maps the changes in income, inequality, and poverty over the fifteen-year period and investigates the determinants of poverty. We find that the increase in poverty in the 1990s is associated with the increase in the relative food price and the need to purchase items that were previously provided free or at highly subsidized prices by the state, i.e., education, housing and medical care. In addition, the increased saving rate of poor households, which is due to an increase in income uncertainty, contributes significantly to the increase in poverty measured in terms of expenditure. Journal of Comparative Economics 33 (4) (2005) 710–729.     

论全球性食品和能源危机的应对策略

本文借助现有文献和中国城乡住户抽样调查统计说明,中国的食品和能源价格上涨幅度虽然低于国际市场,但已对低收入住户的家计造成冲击。城市低收入户用低价食品替代高价食品;农户实际消费总支出降低,恩格尔系数增大,衣着和燃料支出比重减少。农户的膳食更加不均衡,贫困群体的营养不足状况加剧。因此,需要全社会共同行动,由政府采取应急措施,停止补贴以食品为原料的生物能源企业,瞄准贫困人口实施食品救助。需要采取的中长期策略是,遏制垄断,改善竞争环境,消除食品和能源价格扭曲。长期改革政策在于,调整社会结构,校正要素价格形成机制,转变经济增长方式。     

PRICE SEARCH,CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY AND EXPENDITURE INEQUALITY OVER THE LIFE ‐CYCLE

We differentiate consumption from expenditure by incorporating price search decision into an otherwise standard life‐cycle model. We first analytically show that, under very general conditions, poorer households search more and pay lower prices compared to wealthier ones. As a result, consumption inequality is smaller than expenditure inequality, and the gap between them increases over the life‐cycle. Next, using a plausibly calibrated model, we find that life‐cycle increase in consumption inequality is about 30% lower than the increase in expenditure inequality. Price search provides an insurance mechanism against income shocks and increases the welfare of a newborn by 3.9%.     

URBAN POVERTY IN CHINA AND ITS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS, 1986–2000

Food price increases and the introduction of radical social welfare and enterprise reforms during the 1990s generated significant changes in the lives of urban households in China. During this period urban poverty increased considerably. This paper uses household level data from 1986 to 2000 to examine what determines whether households fall below the poverty line over this period and investigates how the impact of these determinants has changed through time. We find that large households and households with more nonworking members are more likely to be poor, suggesting that perhaps the change from the old implicit price subsidies, based on household size, to an explicit income subsidy, based on employment, has worsened the position of large families. Further investigation into regional poverty variation indicates that over the 1986–93 period food price increases were also a major contributing factor. Between 1994 and 2000 the worsening of the economic situation of state sector employees contributed to the poverty increase.     

Consumer welfare effects of increased food and energy prices

In this study, the authors evaluated how much price changes in food and energy – two basic living expenditures competing for consumers’ budgets – would affect consumer welfare. We first estimated a US complete demand system to quantify the interdependent demand relationships among 11 categories of consumption expenditures. Among the estimates, the own price elasticities of both food and energy are relatively inelastic, a finding that explains the dynamics of the recent soaring food and energy prices. The estimated demand elasticities were then incorporated into the measurement of Hicksian compensating variation to analyse the consumer welfare effects of price changes in food and energy. The results indicated that an increase in food and energy prices would increase compensated expenditures or incur a substantial consumer welfare loss, creating an especially heavy burden for low income households.     

财政支农结构对农村居民消费的影响分析

财政支农对农村居民消费的影响可能为正也可能为负。本文利用VAR方法对财政支农不同部分对农村居民消费的影响进行了考察。结果表明：（1）从长期来看,支援农村生产支出和农林水利气象事业费、农业科技三项费的支出对农村居民消费产生了“挤入效应”,而农村基本建设支出和农村救济费对农村居民消费产生了“挤出效应”。（2）从冲击大小来看,事业费对农村居民消费的贡献最大,农业科技三项费用次之,农村救济费第三,农村基本建设支出最小。最后提出扩大农村居民消费的政策建议是：增大财政支农力度,农村财政支出占财政总支出的比重应保持稳定增长;优化财政农业支出结构,加大事业费和科技费在财政支农支出中的比重;财政支农支出通过支持农业生产和提高农业综合生产能力能间接地增加农村居民收入,从而带动消费增长。所以应利用财政支农功能带动农民收入的增加。     

Optimal monetary policy in the presence of food price subsidies

Food price subsidies are a prevalent means by which fiscal authorities may counteract food price volatility in middle-income countries (MIC). We develop a DSGE model for a MIC that captures this key channel of a policy induced price smoothing mechanism that is different to, yet in parallel with, the classic Calvo price stickiness approach, which can have consequential effects for monetary policy. We then use the model to address how the joint fiscal and monetary policy responds to an increase in inflation driven by a food price shock can affect welfare. We show that, in the presence of credit constrained households and households with a significant share of food expenditures, a coordinated reaction of fiscal and monetary policies via subsidized price targeting can improve aggregate welfare. Subsidies smooth prices and consumption, especially for credit constrained households, which can consequently result in an interest rate reaction less intensely with subsidized price targeting compared with headline price targeting.     

粮食补贴政策对农户种植行为影响的实证分析

粮食补贴政策旨在提高农民种粮积极性,促进粮食增产和农民增收。本文通过构建嵌入补贴政策的农户种植决策行为理论模型,考察粮食补贴政策对农户粮食种植行为的影响,并利用安徽省17个地市421户农户的微观调查数据进行实证检验。实证结果显示,粮食补贴政策对激励农户增加粮食播种面积具有显著的正面效应,粮食补贴政策在动态趋势上表现出显著的"土地投入"激励效应。     

收入差距、家庭可支配收入与商品房价格：基于广州市的实证研究

论文使用1998—2009年广州市商品房价格和城镇居民不同收入家庭可支配收入来分析房价与收入差距和家庭可支配收入之间的关系。实证检验发现,收入差距扩大为房价上涨的Granger原因,但是房价并不是收入差距的Granger原因。房价对低、中低收入户的家庭可支配收入有较大影响,而中、中高收入户的家庭可支配收入是房价上涨的主要推动力量,高收入家庭既促进了房价上涨同时也从中受益最大。政策制定应该依据房价与不同收入户的家庭可支配收入之间的关系而具体实施,不能一概而论。     

The Household, Time Use and Tax Policy

This paper is concerned with modelling household decisions andthe welfare effects of tax policy. It seeks to emphasise theimportance of a model that incorporates household productionand can take account of the evident female labour supply heterogeneityacross two-parent families. If, after having children, someproportion of households substitute domestic for market laboursupply, the income and consumption variables used as the taxbase in most countries may be poorly correlated with livingstandards. Taxes and welfare programs based on these variablesmay increase inequality by shifting the overall tax burden tolow and middle wage families with both partners in work, awayfrom families with much higher wages and in which only one memberworks to earn the same joint market income. The paper combinesdata on time use, income, taxes and benefits to show how theytrack female labour supply over the life cycle, resulting inmuch higher tax burdens on two-earner households. (JEL D13,D91, H31, J22)